The reversal of population trends in Europe at the end of the 19th century has been seen as resulting directly from urbanization and industrialization. However, this book argues that fertility decline can be explained in terms of changes in cultural and social structure. It examines the effects of declining fertility on men and women and their relations to each other and society at large, and how its effects varied according to class, generation and origin. It also examines the effect of declining fertility on the family, gender, the role of the state and traditional ideas regarding the household and community.