Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) called for the participation and co-operation of local authorities in support of its economic, social and environmental goals. In this text, the authors present in-depth cases studies that emphasize the diversity and inventiveness of initiatives since Rio, within different national settings. The text offers a counterpoint to the official monitoring and assessment procedures of national governments and international bodies. It highlights the problems of assessment and policy evaluation and sets out the policy stages necessary for more effective realization of LA21 agendas.