This is the first comprehensive review of this topic and it covers bot h neurobiological and psychobiological aspects. The author first defin es the issue and gives an historical background starting with the Jame s-Lange theory of emotion, and addresses learning and motivation, root s in Pavlovian conditioning research, and operant conditioning of visc eral function. In the second section he reviews recent scientific find ings in the neural basis of visceral perception and studies in cardiov ascular-respiratory and alimentary interoception. Finally, he discusse s several related areas of research and theory including drug state is sues, interoception and psychiatric disorders, and bodily consciousnes s, and suggests directions for future investigation. The book will be of interest to scientists in neurobiology, psychology, and brain imagi ng, to indivuals in related clinical fields such as psychiatry, neurol ogy, cardiology, gastroenterology, and clinical psychology, and to the ir students and trainees.