In some respects, however, human aggressive behavior was, indeed, unique. Thus while it seemed that chimpanzees had some awareness of the pain they inflicted on their victims, they were surely not capable of cruelty in the human sense. Only we humans inflict physical or mental pain on living creatures deliberately despite—even because of—our knowledge of the suffering involved. Only we, I concluded, are capable of evil. And in our evilness we have designed a variety of tortures that have, over the centuries, caused unbelievable agony to millions of living, breathing human beings. Thus I could
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