The year 1983 also marked the launch of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program in Los Angeles. DARE was the brainchild of Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates, who also pioneered the concept of special weapons and tactics (SWAT) units within the LAPD, spurring their creation in police departments across the United States. Gates also infamously defended police chokehold maneuvers in 1982, when he argued that a physiological deficiency made them deadly to Blacks. He was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying, “We may be finding that in some Blacks when it is applied, the veins or
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