The countries making up the Group of 20—the world’s largest economies—hit Chinese companies with more than 2,000 trade restrictions between 2008 and 2019.58 Overall, China faced nearly 11,000 new trade barriers from foreign countries between 2008 and 2021.59 By late 2020, nearly a dozen countries had dropped out of BRI and another sixteen—mostly Western economic powerhouses—were walling off their telecommunications networks from Chinese influence. The United States and many of its allies imposed severe technology bans on major Chinese companies, denying them critical inputs (for example,
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