Jardina’s groundbreaking research shows that some 20 percent of white Americans—roughly forty million people20—now have “strong levels of group consciousness,” meaning they “feel a sense of discontent over the status of their group.” These people tend to be less educated but not financially vulnerable. “Most own houses, have average incomes similar to most whites in the United States, are employed, and identify as middle class,” Jardina writes. And white women are more likely than white men to hold “exclusionary views about what it means to be American, preferring boundaries around the
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