Freeman and Watts used women as their guinea pigs at a time when docility and compliance—both common outcomes of lobotomy—were upheld as feminine virtues. Of their first twenty patients, seventeen were female. This bias would continue for decades, with doctors across the country and internationally lobotomizing women disproportionately, at a rate estimated variously to be between 60 and 84 percent,16 even though men slightly outnumbered women as patients in America’s psychiatric hospitals.
