For Jews, never again refers to the Holocaust and (for many) to the requirement to maintain in Eretz Israel an indestructible sanctuary for the entire Jewish people. For Americans, especially for those who are not Jewish, never again warns against the United States ever shirking its responsibilities. Whereas the war against the Nazis threatened Jews with extermination, it delivered America to the apex of global power. For Israeli governments, never again establishes survival as the ne plus ultra of statecraft. For the U.S. government, never again is a call to action.
