it was carried out, pointedly, in parts of France where another lord technically held sovereignty over the Jewish population. ‘Every Jew must leave my land, taking none of his possessions with him; or let him choose a new God for himself, and we will be One People.’ This was the sentence of exodus later attributed by a Jewish writer to Philip IV as columns of hungry, broken refugees traipsed towards the Pyrenees, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire.
