In late 2015, four years after Nord Stream started operating, surveyors began to map out a second pipeline route under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany. Opposition to Nord Stream 2, as it was known, was much stronger than against the original Nord Stream. Part of the reason was what had happened in between—specifically, Ukraine. Criticism came from parts of Europe, notably Poland and the Baltic countries, as well as the European Union itself—a turnaround from its supportive position on the original Nord Stream. Donald Tusk, president of the EU Council, was already warning, “Excessive
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