There is, of course, no silver bullet for preventing the spread of lies and misinformation. We think the interventions most likely to succeed involve radical and unlikely changes, such as the development of new regulatory frameworks to penalize the intentional creation and distribution of fake news, similar to laws recently adopted in Germany to control hate speech on social media.33 And perhaps even more is needed—up to and including a reengineering of our basic democratic institutions. Given the scant possibility (and the risks) of such changes, we point to ways in which journalists and
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