resources from the colonial government. Whereas the Southern campaign began with a million-dollar grant from John D. Rockefeller, the Puerto Rican one started with $5,000 from the colonial treasury. After Ashford and Gutiérrez demonstrated that deworming worked, they begged for funds to permanently eradicate hookworm disease. But the money that arrived was, in their judgment, “utterly inadequate”: half what was needed in the best year, then down to a third. In 1908 the government didn’t appropriate any funds, so all dispensaries were officially closed
