Warfare had an important, if sometimes difficult to evaluate, impact on the physical and biological environments of Việt Nam. In terms of rubber, political and social violence kept plantations from expanding and encouraged the continued production of rubber on large plantations. Plantations, in turn, influenced the fighting of the Vietnam War, or the American War as many Vietnamese called it. Plantations were liminal spaces that brought together nature and culture, north and south, peace and violence, and rubber production remained an important ideological and material battleground from 1963
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