American race law, pre-Brown, sprawled over a wide range of technically distinct legal areas, including not only “separate but equal” segregation under the rule of Plessy, but also Indian law,47 anti-Chinese and -Japanese legislation,48 and disabilities in civil procedure and election law.49 America was particularly notable for its creation of novel forms of de facto and de jure second-class citizenship for blacks, Native Americans, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans.
