These laws also have structural separation provisions—these are rules that force companies to spin off or shut down divisions that compete with their business customers. The idea of structural separation is venerable, simple, and effective. Early US antitrust laws forced banks to spin out their investment arms, on the grounds that banks that owned companies that competed with the businesses that depended on them for loans would have an unstoppable temptation to cheat. If you own a pizzeria and the bank that loaned you the money to start your business also owns the pizzeria across the street,
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