“An empiricist of our own century, Bertrand Russell, has provided a more grotesque example. A chicken which experiences every day that it gets fed when the farmer’s wife comes over to the chicken run will finally come to the conclusion that there is a causal link between the approach of the farmer’s wife and feed being put into its bowl.” “But one day the chicken doesn’t get its food?” “No, one day the farmer’s wife comes over and wrings the chicken’s neck.” “Yuck, how disgusting!” “The fact that one thing follows after another thus does not necessarily mean there is a causal link. One of the
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