Quantum Supremacy: How the Quantum Computer Revolution Will Change Everything

by Michio Kaku

In nature, Brooks realized, animals are not programmed to walk from the start. They learn the hard way, by putting one leg in front of the other, falling down, and doing it again. Trial and error is the way of nature. This goes back to the advice every music teacher gives to their promising student. How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Answer: practice, practice, practice. In other words, Mother Nature designs creatures that are pattern-seeking learning machines, using trial and error to navigate the world. They make mistakes, but with each iteration, they come closer to success. This is a bottom-up approach, and it starts with nothing but bumping into things. For example, babies learn by mimicking adults. If you put a tape recorder in a crib at night, you will hear babies babble constantly. What they are actually doing is endlessly practicing making the sounds they hear over and over again, until they can duplicate them correctly.