For example, in the fictional dialogue written by the North African apologist Marcus Minucius Felix (d. c. 250) entitled Octavius, Christians were criticized for lacking images in worship: “Why do they endeavour with such pains to conceal and to cloak whatever they worship? . . . Why have they no altars, no temples, no acknowledged images?”28 This would be an odd question to ask if the early Christians actually did use images in the context of worship.

