By the early 1880s, most of the canyon’s other tribes were being stripped of their lands and resources in similar fashion: without legal warrant, and often at the behest of the federal government, which had adopted a strategy of attempting to break the tribes’ connection to their ancestral territories by confining them to reservations and by setting up a system of boarding schools, where their children were separated from their language and their culture in the hopes of turning them into white people. The Hopi and Zuni were assigned to reservations far from the canyon, cutting them off from
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