On the one hand, the crisis of 1918–23 gave rise to an ultra-nationalism–in the form of the radical wing of the DNVP and Hitler’s Nazi party–that was more apocalyptic in its intensity than anything prior to 1914. On the other hand, it also produced a truly novel departure in German foreign and economic policy. This alternative to nationalist militancy also aimed to achieve a revision of the onerous terms of the Treaty of Versailles. But it aimed to do so not by gambling on military force. Instead, Weimar’s foreign
