“It is a double doubt,” declares the Talmud. If it is established (method unspecified) that the bride came to the marriage bed no longer a virgin, one side of the double doubt is whether the man responsible was the prospective groom himself—whether the event occurred “under him . . . or not under him.” As to the second side of the doubt, the argument continues: “And if you say that it was under him, there is doubt whether it was by violence or by her free will.” Each side of the double doubt is given a 50–50 chance. With impressive statistical sophistication, the philosophers conclude that
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