Eden and others questioned whether mutations provided an adequate explanation for the origin of the genetic information necessary to build new proteins, let alone whole new forms of life. As physicist Stanislaw Ulam explained at the conference, the evolutionary process “seems to require many thousands, perhaps millions, of successive mutations to produce even the easiest complexities we see in life now. It appears, naïvely at least, that no matter how large the probability of a single mutation is, should it be even as great as one-half, you would get this probability raised to a millionth
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