A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

by Diarmaid MacCulloch

There is no suggestion that he should be freed, only that now he could be ‘more than a slave’ to Philemon; and certainly there is no question of consulting Onesimus about his own wishes. The Epistle to Philemon is a Christian foundation document in the justification of slavery.13 Slavery was, after all, an indispensable institution in ancient society. A Christian writer from a generation later than Paul, who bore the name of Jesus’s disciple Peter but who is unlikely to have been the same man, wrote a miniature treatise which became one of the epistles accepted into the New Testament. It told house-slaves to compare their sufferings to the unjust sufferings of Christ, in order that they should bear injustice as Christ had done. That did not say much about the writer’s expectations that Christian slave owners would be better than any others, and it followed a strong command to ‘be subject to every human institution’.14 In the early second century, when the Church’s leadership was beginning to