Donald Barthelme's Reading List

A reading list created by the American avant-garde author, Donald Barthelme.

He distributed it to his writing students with, apparently, these instructions: "In no apparent order, just read them."

While I was in grad school studying creative writing, Mikhail Iossel -- a prof of mine, and a fine short-story writer -- introduced me to the list.

I may not like all of the titles, but this list is NEVER boring.

http://essayist.tumblr.com/post/66187...

Note: only books on Donald Barthelme's Reading List should be on this list. Thank you!

flag

List Challenge
The average Goodreads member has read 6 out of 89 books on this list — how many have you read?

All Votes

1	Against Interpretation and Other Essays by Susan Sontag 4.13 avg rating — 7,541 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
2	A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess really liked it 4.00 avg rating — 662,930 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
3	Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino 4.13 avg rating — 72,615 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
4	Kaspar and Other Plays by Peter Handke 3.81 avg rating — 278 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
5	Mythologies by Roland Barthes 4.09 avg rating — 14,611 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
6	Rabbit, Run (Rabbit Angstrom, #1) by John Updike 3.58 avg rating — 57,719 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
7	Hunger by Knut Hamsun 4.06 avg rating — 48,594 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
8	Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett 3.84 avg rating — 182,445 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
9	Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry 3.78 avg rating — 23,401 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
10	The Paris Review Interviews, I: 16 Celebrated Interviews by The Paris Review (Introduction) 4.37 avg rating — 1,078 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
11	The Hero With a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell 4.13 avg rating — 37,932 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
12	Seven Gothic Tales by Isak Dinesen 3.89 avg rating — 3,100 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
12	The Third Policeman by Flann O'Brien 3.99 avg rating — 18,250 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
14	Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer 4.14 avg rating — 2,225 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
15	At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O'Brien 3.87 avg rating — 12,433 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
16	I'm Not Stiller by Max Frisch 4.04 avg rating — 4,496 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
17	Labyrinths: Selected Stories & Other Writings by Jorge Luis Borges 4.45 avg rating — 29,699 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
18	Henderson the Rain King by Saul Bellow 3.77 avg rating — 14,761 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
19	Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison 4.12 avg rating — 100,069 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
20	The Book of Laughter and Forgetting by Milan Kundera 3.98 avg rating — 44,794 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
21	One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez 4.10 avg rating — 868,086 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
22	Selected Letters by Gustave Flaubert 4.41 avg rating — 59 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
23	How It Is by Samuel Beckett 4.01 avg rating — 1,190 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
24	The Pure and the Impure by Colette 3.65 avg rating — 1,761 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
25	The Collected Stories of Peter Taylor by Peter Taylor 4.20 avg rating — 270 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
25	Molloy / Malone Dies / The Unnamable by Samuel Beckett 4.28 avg rating — 8,559 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
27	Black Tickets: Stories by Jayne Anne Phillips 3.99 avg rating — 1,132 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
28	The Moviegoer by Walker Percy 3.66 avg rating — 26,851 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
29	Chimera by John Barth 3.72 avg rating — 2,094 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
30	Nadja by André Breton 3.58 avg rating — 9,427 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
31	The Collected Stories by Eudora Welty 4.22 avg rating — 7,922 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
32	A Sorrow Beyond Dreams by Peter Handke 3.77 avg rating — 4,620 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
32	The Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor 4.39 avg rating — 37,732 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
34	The Box Man by Kōbō Abe 3.62 avg rating — 5,379 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
35	Journey to the End of the Night by Louis-Ferdinand Céline 4.21 avg rating — 37,078 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
36	Advertisements for Myself by Norman Mailer 3.56 avg rating — 606 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
37	The World Within the Word by William H. Gass 4.07 avg rating — 249 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
38	Fiction and the Figures of Life by William H. Gass 4.06 avg rating — 301 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
39	In the Heart of the Heart of the Country and Other Stories by William H. Gass 3.98 avg rating — 2,335 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
39	The Death of Artemio Cruz by Carlos Fuentes 3.86 avg rating — 9,768 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
41	Falling in Place by Ann Beattie 3.58 avg rating — 503 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
42	For a New Novel: Essays on Fiction by Alain Robbe-Grillet 3.97 avg rating — 657 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
43	Tragic Magic: A Novel by Wesley Brown 3.99 avg rating — 72 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
44	Rivers and Mountains by John Ashbery 4.22 avg rating — 288 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
45	Selected Poems by Frank O'Hara 4.35 avg rating — 1,216 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
46	Thank You and Other poems by Kenneth Koch 4.21 avg rating — 67 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
47	Searching for Caleb by Anne Tyler (Goodreads Author) 3.89 avg rating — 6,111 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
48	The Palm-Wine Drinkard by Amos Tutuola 3.80 avg rating — 2,668 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
49	Going After Cacciato by Tim O'Brien 3.90 avg rating — 12,973 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
50	The New Fiction: Interviews with Innovative American Writers by Joe David Bellamy (Goodreads Author) 3.91 avg rating — 11 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
51	Sexual Perversity in Chicago & The Duck Variations by David Mamet 3.65 avg rating — 2,250 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
52	The Letters, 1830-1880 by Gustave Flaubert 4.44 avg rating — 97 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
53	A Homemade World: The American Modernist Writers by Hugh Kenner 3.92 avg rating — 48 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
54	The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology by Robert Motherwell (Editor) 4.38 avg rating — 205 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
55	Manifestoes of Surrealism by André Breton 3.87 avg rating — 2,513 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
56	The Writer on Her Work, Vol 2: New Essays in New Territory by Janet Sternburg (Goodreads Author) (Editor) 3.87 avg rating — 15 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
57	The Writer on Her Work by Janet Sternburg (Goodreads Author) (Editor) 3.91 avg rating — 122 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
58	The Pushcart Prize XIII: Best of the Small Presses by Bill Henderson (Editor) 3.83 avg rating — 6 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
59	The Pushcart Prize XI: Best of the Small Presses...With an Index to the First Eleven Volumes : An Annual Small Press Reader/1986-87 by Bill Henderson really liked it 4.00 avg rating — 1 rating	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
60	The Pushcart Prize III: Best of the Small Presses, 1978-79 by Bill Henderson (Editor) really liked it 4.00 avg rating — 4 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
61	The Pushcart Prize II: Best of the Small Presses by Bill Henderson (Editor) 0.00 avg rating — 0 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
62	The Pushcart Prize I: Best of the Small Presses by Bill Henderson (Editor) 2.75 avg rating — 4 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
63	Superfiction, or The American Story Transformed: An Anthology by Joe David Bellamy (Goodreads Author) 3.71 avg rating — 28 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
64	How We Live: Contemporary Life in Contemporary Fiction: An Anthology by Penney Chapin Hills (Editor) liked it 3.00 avg rating — 8 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
65	Paris Review Interviews, IV by The Paris Review 4.26 avg rating — 296 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
66	The Paris Review Interviews, III by The Paris Review 4.34 avg rating — 342 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
67	The Paris Review Interviews, II: Wisdom from the World's Literary Masters by The Paris Review 4.37 avg rating — 536 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
68	The Coup by John Updike 3.41 avg rating — 938 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
69	Tell Me a Riddle by Tillie Olsen 4.02 avg rating — 2,174 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
70	I, etcetera by Susan Sontag 3.74 avg rating — 914 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
71	Enormous Changes at the Last Minute: Stories by Grace Paley 4.05 avg rating — 2,504 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
72	The Little Disturbances of Man by Grace Paley 4.03 avg rating — 1,858 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
73	The Blood Oranges by John Hawkes 3.67 avg rating — 751 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
74	The Lime Twig by John Hawkes 3.81 avg rating — 1,131 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
75	V. by Thomas Pynchon 3.95 avg rating — 22,019 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
76	Gogol's Wife and Other Stories by Tommaso Landolfi 3.82 avg rating — 327 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
77	Man in the Holocene by Max Frisch 3.86 avg rating — 1,785 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
78	Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison 3.90 avg rating — 173,501 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
79	The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud 3.95 avg rating — 2,480 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
80	The Assistant by Bernard Malamud 3.90 avg rating — 10,137 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
81	Nog by Rudolph Wurlitzer 3.64 avg rating — 561 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
82	Correction by Thomas Bernhard 4.26 avg rating — 2,838 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
83	Other Inquisitions, 1937-1952 by Jorge Luis Borges 4.36 avg rating — 1,510 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
84	The Collected Stories of Isaac Babel by Isaac Babel 4.23 avg rating — 2,523 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
85	The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever 4.27 avg rating — 14,552 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
86	Fin de partie by Samuel Beckett 3.80 avg rating — 19,297 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
87	The Pleasure of the Text by Roland Barthes 4.01 avg rating — 4,986 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
88	The Dramatic Works of Samuel Beckett (Works, Centenary Editions 3) by Samuel Beckett 4.42 avg rating — 1,843 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars
89	Pushcart Prize XXXIV: Best of the Small Presses by Bill Henderson (Editor) 4.10 avg rating — 61 ratings	Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Rate this book Clear rating 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars