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Impeachment in a System of Checks and Balances

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Measured by any yardstick, it is hard to think that the first impeachment of President Donald J. Trump was particularly successful. But there are important broader questions raised particularly by the first Trump impeachment that have significance for how we think about the impeachment power moving forward. If future impeachment efforts are to be more successful, or even useful, Congress will have to understand the nature of the constitutional task that it is undertaking.

As the House contemplates making use of the impeachment power and the Senate contemplates whether to convict an officer in an impeachment trial, there are some basic questions that must be asked in any impeachment episode. What is an impeachable offense? Is this kind of behavior impeachable? Does this instance of misconduct justify impeachment? It should not have been hard for the House to answer the first two questions in regard to the first Trump impeachment. The third question was the more challenging to answer, and the House struggled to answer it.

This Article argues that abusing the powers of the presidency for the sake of purely personal interests is well within the traditional scope of the impeachment power. In order to assess whether an officer has abused power in that way, members of Congress must take care to deliberate across the political aisle so as to identify and resolve possible good-faith explanations for an officer’s behavior. A House that does not bother to curb its own partisan instincts risks abusing its own constitutional authority by rushing headlong into an impeachment that does not meet the constitutional standard of high crimes and misdemeanors. Even after the House and the Senate have come to an understanding of the scope of impeachable offenses and each has satisfied itself that an officer has committed deeds that fall within that scope, they must still decide whether an impeachment and a conviction and removal is warranted. Those decisions are necessarily political judgments about what risks the country faces and how they are best navigated. If Congress is to contemplate pursuing an impeachment, it should have a clear view of what it is trying to accomplish and why impeachment is the best path to getting there.

28 pages, ebook

Published October 29, 2022

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About the author

Keith E. Whittington

23 books7 followers

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464 reviews259 followers
November 4, 2022
This is a quite useful overview of the impeachment process as outlined in the U.S. Constitution and as applied to the three-branch system of government specified therein, drawing heavily on the two impeachments of Donald J. Trump for examples, though not ignoring Jackson, Clinton, or Nixon's near miss. The focus is largely one what, exactly, constitutes an impeachable offense, and in what context, and how the political winds have shifted on that assessment since the drafting, spending a good bit of effort to refute the more egregious claims made by Trump's most vocal defenders. First printed in the Missouri Law Review, it is targeted at a legal-academic audience, but is not so bogged down in jargon as to be unintelligible to the average politically savvy layperson. Which is to say, if you can understand this review, you can probably understand the text as well, though perhaps not down to the last nuance.
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