The properties of the prime numbers have been studied by many of history’s mathematical giants. From the first proof of the infinity of the primes by Euclid, to Euler’s product formula which connected the prime numbers to the zeta function. From Gauss and Legendre’s formulation of the prime number theorem to its proof by Hadamard and de la Vallée Poussin. Bernhard Riemann still reigns as the mathematician who made the single biggest breakthrough in prime number theory. His work, all contained in an 8 page paper published in 1859 made new and previously unknown discoveries about the distribution of the primes and is to this day considered to be one of the most important papers in number theory. This essay guides you through the findings of Riemann's paper and their implications for prime numbers.