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中華秩序:中原、世界帝國,與中國力量的本質

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正在崛起、但在美國貿易制裁下似乎顯得是隻紙老虎的中國,它的本質是什麼,它的力量真正代表著什麼,以及國際社會應該如何因應?「整個世界秩序的未來、以及人類文明的發展方向,都有賴於這個判定 。」

然而來自西方的主流分析工具,如現實主義、共產主義或者法西斯主義看起來並不大適用於中華人民共和國。修希底德陷阱、中國崩潰論、百年馬拉松、G2、這些看法都觸及到了某種重要的問題,然而無法從根本上理解今天中共之種種作為──比如無情地汲取和剝奪內部社會、發動一帶一路、提出「人類命運共同體」這種看似道德、實則虛幻的概念。

本書作者王飛凌試圖引領讀者回到西元前三世紀的秦漢時期,通過重新解讀從秦漢帝國到今天的中華人民共和國長達幾千年的歷史,根本性地展示「中國是什麼」,以及「崛起的中國代表著什麼」。具體而言,他著重分析「中華秩序」(The China Order)──中華秩序,亦即中華世界帝國的政治秩序,是一種威權主義、常常是極權主義的世界政治秩序 ,它的基礎是用儒家粉飾其表的法家帝國政體,也即是「秦漢政體」(Qin-Han Polity)。

本書的第一部分,描述和分析了中華秩序的來源、性質、前景和意義。凡秦漢政體,必然要以中華秩序作為其天命(Mandate of Heaven),來證明和捍衛自己,去統一、規範、統治整個已知世界(也就是「天下」)。它形成於歐亞大陸東部特有的地理生態環境,和形成於歐亞大陸西部的、在法理上強調國際比較和競爭的「西發里亞體系」(Westphalia System)恰恰相反。

中華秩序的歷史表現是好的嗎?作者從政治治理、社會經濟發展、科技進步、文化和社會,以及人民生活水準各個方面加以評價。他的答案是:對皇帝、官僚體系和黨國體系的統治精英而言,中華秩序極有吸引力,甚至令他們有如吸食鴉片般上癮;也建立了一種似乎不可動搖的合法性。在兩千多年裡,它已被世界最大的人群(中國人)深深內化為某種信條:中華秩序不僅可行,而且優越。

然而,它在社會經濟發展上的記錄卻不甚優秀,甚至十分低劣。中華秩序下的人民不僅苦難深重,還周期性地大規模非自然死亡。19世紀一場未竟的王朝更替──即太平天國叛亂,在十年內就消滅了近一億人口,占當時中國總人口的近四分之一;毛澤東時代的一場人為大飢荒,在四年間(1958-1962)就造成了3000萬至4500萬人的死亡,佔到當時總人口的5%-10%。中華秩序下的中華文明長期停滯,形成了「超穩定」結構 。直到十九世紀中葉以後,中華秩序才因「西發里亞體系」的衝擊而崩潰,中華世界不再是天下。

作者認為,中國歷史上最好的時期,實際上是「中華秩序」缺失或者弱化的時期,也是中華世界在法理上或者事實上採取了「西發里亞體系」的時期。包括:(1)先秦的中華世界(春秋戰國);(2)宋代的中華世界(宋金遼西夏大理諸國並存);(3)十九世紀後期以來的中華世界(北洋政府時代)。然而,北洋時代之後的國共兩黨主政中國,令中華世界再次淪落為專制秦漢政體。1949年,中共革命的所謂偉大勝利,很快就被證明是一個史詩級的歷史大躍退。

作者用單獨一章分析了宋代的「中華秩序之停頓」。他認為,處在澶淵之盟──相當於西發里亞條約的中華版──的宋代(960-1279),不僅創造了中華古代文明的最高峰,也代表了一個劃時代的歷史機遇。但它被不幸地遺棄,其深刻教訓也大半被遺忘,直到今天。

在本書的第二部分,作者分析了中華人民共和國。他認為北京作為新的「中共秦漢式政體」,建政以來的各種政治運動、文化革命、改革開放,及其伴隨著的各種官方敘事,彰顯出它被中華秩序的內在邏輯和使命所支配的歷史。

和古代的政權不同,中共政權是生活在西發里亞國際體系中的一個成員。身處一個沒有中華秩序的世界,卻深受其必需建立一個中華秩序的艱難命運所驅使,中共治下的中華人民共和國,在本質上就成為中國歷史發展進程的一個悲劇性大彎路:耗費了驚人的生命、金錢和時間,除了維護其政權外,卻所獲甚微。

具有諷刺意味的是,這個政權本身也有放棄世界革命,不再追求「全世界無產者聯合起來」這種新的大同論,接受美國領導的西發里亞—全球化貿易體系,才得到拯救並壯大。而伴隨著它的富強,陰魂不散的中華秩序意識形態也隨之復甦。因此,北京的新秦漢政體日益強大,代表著對當前世界秩序的一個系統性全面挑戰。中國的經濟模式──「裙帶資本主義」──和它創造的竊國腐敗官僚政治(kleptocracy),令中國對當前世界秩序的挑戰更具有結構性、更有力。

在美國學者王飛凌看來,習近平所提出的「人類命運共同體」,不過是古老中華的「大同世界」或「天下體系」的現代翻版。只是這個詞更野心勃勃,它不僅僅侷限在東亞大陸,而是要在地球上推行中華秩序。

然而它會成功嗎?它有哪幾種可能的結局?中華世界的歷史已經昭告出答案。

384 pages, Kindle Edition

Published November 7, 2018

57 people are currently reading
126 people want to read

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Fei-Ling Wang

14 books3 followers

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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
1 review2 followers
May 27, 2019


I highly recommend this erudite book to the FT book cafe members. It could be read as a lucid and concise history of China from Qin to the present day. But it is history viewed from a refreshing angle that is very much unlike the orthodox / traditional view. It explained how the China Order ideology (which is a skillful but hypocritical combination of Confucianism and Machiavellian Legalism) was formed and how it ruled the trajectory of Chinese history in the past two and a half millennium. You will be surprised to learn that present day Chinese Communist propaganda under Xi Jin Ping is but the China Order couched in modern language decorated with some Marxist terms.

The chapter on Song Dynasty is the most important one as Song’s achievements and uniqueness starkly bring out the evils of the China Order. Song is the most underrated dynasty and is ignored or distorted for ideological reasons. Yet based on solid historical evidence, including learning from Joseph Needham, the author was able to convincingly bring out the strong message that ”China”, or rather the majority of the human beings living in that geographical area, would be happiest when its rulers were not obsessed with ”National (Han) Revival”, ”territorial integrity”, global hegemony and the power concentration required to achieve these (often unachievable and extremely costly) goals.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
127 reviews3 followers
March 21, 2020
This book destroys the belief of "China good, CCP bad", CCP is in reality yet another Chinese dynasty, following the Qin Han order that has been running deep in Chinese culture since thousands of years ago...

No textbooks in China would tell you Song Dynasty was good, this book suggests otherwise.
Profile Image for Shawn Su.
5 reviews
June 24, 2022
Extremely enlightening. As an ethic Han Chinese who grew up in China I have always hated the oppressing, collectivist and authoritarian/totalitarian culture and wondered why it is the way it is. This book gives me the most persuasive and logical explanation through detailed analysis of authentic history, and it totally dismisses the last shred of false hope that I hold for the country to ever become a modern westernised democratic and liveable country. I finally see what China for what it is and what it has always been - one of the most longest surviving and cruel totalitarian power in human history that will never change. As much as I would like to dishing out blame, I have to grudgingly admit it's nobody's fault. It's all geography - it makes Europe the way it is, it makes China the way it is. I'm glad the west is finally waking up to China's true colour and many are decidedly withdrawing from doing business or associating with the country. The ones who don't will have their reckoning coming soon or later and they will have no one to blame but themselves.
9 reviews
December 31, 2025
Shan borrowed this book to me.
Basically it talks about the fundamental quality of being a totalitarianism state and it centred around China by defining its qualities and analyzing its ups and downs.
The author is very biased but i guess this is what makes reading important too. And I am too stupid to find it quite hard to read lol also maybe cus its a translated piece
Profile Image for Jeany  Lin.
162 reviews5 followers
January 2, 2026
三部曲:

《中華秩序》
《中國紀錄》
《中華博弈》

《中華秩序》是第一本,寫得蠻有重點的,又有我喜歡的參考文獻❤️

不過我覺得王飛凌把一本書拆成三本啦,一直預告有另一本書討論這件事,另一本書討論那件事,根本就第一本的時候就想好是三本啊。

書裡尤其宋代和百年國恥這段翻轉,我覺得很精彩。

他2017寫的英文版,我覺得當時應該滿有耳目一新的效果。

不過他三部曲我覺得算是每況愈下,第一本很好,第二本普,第三本就不怎麼樣。
Profile Image for Florence Loh.
93 reviews2 followers
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August 22, 2023
本書適合給西方親中人士掃盲,看看生動的1984。
1 review1 follower
September 24, 2023
這本書告訴我們秦漢史整體的中華秩序必然會崩潰,分裂即便在古代本來就是個常態,無需期待。
Profile Image for Tianxiao Zhang.
24 reviews1 follower
August 9, 2023
作为学术作品,总体是基于事实的。至于观点看起来过于激进,主要原因在于整体的社会环境过于保守。在今天的中国,讨论“事实”也是不可接受的,因为事实本身已经足够令人震撼,无需其他加工。
Profile Image for Ryo.
126 reviews10 followers
August 8, 2022
关键词西发利亚即威斯特伐利亚体系;
“rule by law” vs “rule of law”,换“天命”为“民命”;
赞春秋战国宋辽金晚清ROC,贬秦汉唐明PRC(以消耗人民生命和人权的赤字花费而换取竞争力)
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