Born in Quebec but raised in New Brunswick, Frye studied at the University of Toronto and Victoria University. He was ordained to the ministry of the United Church of Canada and studied at Oxford before returning to UofT.
His first book, Fearful Symmetry, was published in 1947 to international acclaim. Until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it a system of metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible. His study of Blake's poetry was a major contribution. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on, among others, Harold Bloom and Margaret Atwood.
In 1974-1975 Frye was the Norton professor at Harvard University.
Frye married Helen Kemp, an educator, editor and artist, in 1937. She died in Australia while accompanying Frye on a lecture tour. Two years after her death in 1986 he married Elizabeth Brown. He died in 1991 and was interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario. The Northrop Frye Centre at Victoria College at the University of Toronto was named in his honour.
In my youth, I was fascinated by Eliot's work, principally a couple of the early poems (mostly Prufrock, the Hollow Men, and the Journey of the Magi), the Waste Land, and the Four Quartets. The plays, with the exception of Murder in the Cathedral, the essays, and the more religious poetry of less interest. (Not to mention the obnoxious politics). It was, it seemed to me, a curious career, bookended by dramatic early achievement, with one great last achievement.
Northrop Frye knits it together rather succinctly in this trim volume. Eliot was, he recalls, not just religious, but a student of philosophy, including Eastern traditions (hence the ending of the Waste Land and Krishna's cameo in "The Dry Salvages"). And the images that recur throughout the career--the rock, the desert (dryness and lack of fertility in general), the rose and the fire. No one managed those images he christened "objective correlatives" better.
I will remain forever grateful to Eliot for his mastery of rhythm and imagery, and, above all, for so definitively blowing up the rhyme and meter standards that had grown so tiresome by the Victorians. And the vision of the Four Quartets remains unrivalled. But some of the rest of it has grown a little hollow itself. The anti-Semitism (see "Gerontion") is one thing. Another is the querulousness visible as early as Prufrock ("Do I dare to eat a peach?" Really? Or is that just stretching for a rhyme), another is the odd fixation on tradition (the references to Thermopylae, the mention of the Almanach de Gotha, or the nostalgia for periods in which, frankly, the vast majority of people lived short and difficult lives). The references to the Buddha have always struck me as awkward. And then there is the persistent misogyny ("the typist home at teatime" and the discussion about the abortion in the bar strike me as shallow).
Um livro bastante denso a respeito de T. S. Eliot. No primeiro capítulo, uma breve e útil nota biográfica. No segundo capítulo – tambor antigo – análise da concepção intelectual de mundo do Eliot. Segundo Frye, Eliot era um conservador – talvez até um reacionário – no sentido em que o mundo moderno representa uma decadência em relação ao medievo. A Idade Média seria uma síntese da cultura europeia. Vive-se uma queda em relação ao auge, que se encontra cada vez mais longínquo. A partir daí, Eliot pensa o indivíduo como pertencente a uma tradição: “Por cultura Eliot quer dizer ‘aquilo que faz com que a vida valha a pena ser vivida’: o modo de vida total de uma pessoa, inclusive arte e educação, mas também culinária e esportes. Por tradição, também, Eliot quer referir-se tanto à vida consciente quanto à inconsciente no continuum social”. Essa tradição, no caso ocidental, significa uma ligação com a Cristandade em sua versão católica (religião a qual Eliot se converteu): “O Homem é homem porque pode reconhecer realidade sobrenaturais, não porque é capaz de inventá-las” e “mas se a religião e a cultura separam-se, a sociedade perde seu senso de direção, e a elite e as massas irreflexivas tornam-se inteligíveis entre si”. No terceiro capítulo, dialeto da tribo, Eliot é apresentado como pensador da poesia, em que o poeta – nesse sentido coerente com a sua visão de mundo – só o é graças ao fato de pertencer a uma tradição poética. Ou seja, o poeta se faz a partir de outros poetas que vieram antes, mas também de uma cultura anterior: “uma educação nas ciências humanas deve-nos colocar na posse da tradição cultural comum” e “um dos testes mais seguros é o modo de empréstimo. Poetas imaturos imitam; poetas maduros roubam”. No quarto capítulo, Eliot como um pensador da técnica poética. Essa parte é muito densa e realmente tive alguma dificuldade em acompanhar o pensamento do Frye, porque são aspectos muito técnicos da elaboração poética. O capítulo se torna mas acessível em sua parte final, quando se vê a articulação da técnica com o entendimento do mundo de Eliot. Aqui, me foi importante a parte em que ele trata de “The waste land”, um poesia profundamente enraizada na tradição ocidental e cheia de referências a esse passado intelectual do qual Eliot se vê como devedor. Aqui, ele é um pouco como Joyce no sentido de ser um continuador dessa tradição intelectual do ocidente. O último capítulo trata de outra parte da obra de Eliot e que, pelo menos ora, não me interessa em particular. Meu interesse diz respeito a “The waste land” e ao entendimento da obra do poeta. Enfim, um excepcional livro. Traz uma análise profunda e densa da obra de Eliot. Não é um texto de introdução, salvo, talvez, pelos dois primeiros capítulos. Os capítulos finais – de análise mais detida – requerem paciência e atenção.
Much of Cattaui's reading of Eliot seems wrong to me. For example, there are a number of instances where he writes things to the effect of 'Eliot himself has claimed to have not been influenced by Valery, but here are two vaguely similar lines which I think show him to be wrong'. Better, I think to take Eliot's word on the matter. Nevertheless, Cattaui writes beautifully and compellingly, which is no mean feat for a critic. In the end, I think, he does have a good grasp on the aesthetic root of Eliot's writing, and does a decent job of communicating this insight to the reader.
not that he didn't have worthwhile things to say on eliot, but in my experience, frye isn't so typically inscrutable & oddly difficult? this is a short volume so it's not that big of a deal, just annoying
This thin but tightly scripted volume of literary criticism of Eliot's philosophy as evidenced in an overview of the poet's working and reworking of certain imagery and metaphors is, as Frye says, meant as an introduction to Eliot's most important work. A great read for lovers of poetry.