This book explores the scientific basis of evolution after Darwin, arguing that natural selection does not sufficiently explain its complexity. The author discredits the theory that adaptation and advantage drive species evolution through a gradual accumulation of small variations, citing evidence from diverse plant families that contradicts it. Instead, they propose a theory of differentiation to account for the evolution of divergent characters, challenging natural selection as the primary mechanism of speciation and driving adaptation in the process. The author draws upon examples from botany and paleontology to support their arguments, presenting a comprehensive critique of Darwin's theory and an alternative framework for understanding the driving forces behind evolution.