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How the Irish Became White

by Noel Ignatiev

3.74 · Rating Details · 871 Ratings · 67 Reviews

Ignatiev traces the tattered history of Irish and African-American relations, revealing how the Irish used labor unions, the Catholic Church and the Democratic party to help gain and secure their newly found place in the White Republic. He uncovers the roots of conflict between Irish-Americans & African-Americans & draws a powerful connection between the embracing ...more

Paperback, 248 pages

Published August 21st 1996 by Routledge (NYC/London) (first published 1995)

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Sep 09, 2013 Trevor rated it liked it

Shelves: history, social-theory, race

This book should actually be called 'how the American Irish became white'. All the same, the current title is a very cute one. As Billy Connolly says somewhere of those of us of a Celtic disposition, we actually start off a pale blue colour and it takes us a couple of weeks in the sun to go white. This, of course, isn’t true, really. In fact, a couple of weeks in the sun and we become snakes, having shed multiple layers of skin.

It wasn’t at all clear that the Irish might ever really become white This book should actually be called 'how the American Irish became white'. All the same, the current title is a very cute one. As Billy Connolly says somewhere of those of us of a Celtic disposition, we actually start off a pale blue colour and it takes us a couple of weeks in the sun to go white. This, of course, isn’t true, really. In fact, a couple of weeks in the sun and we become snakes, having shed multiple layers of skin.

It wasn’t at all clear that the Irish might ever really become white. It is only within the last hundred years that the Irish have become white even in Ireland – perhaps only 20 years since they became white in England. White, of course, isn’t a skin colour, it is a performance. It is a performance of privilege, and privilege isn’t really something the Irish had all that much experience of in Ireland or elsewhere. I believe Ireland is still the only nation in Europe that has less people now than it did in 1840. The population then was about 6.5 million – the population today is about 4.5 million. Think about that for a second. Take Australia as a case in point for comparison – the population of Australia in 1900 was about 3.5 million – today it is about 23 million. What does it mean for a nation’s population to have gone backwards since the 1840s. Or rather, what do you have to do to a population to ensure such a result?

Within my lifetime people in England would put signs in their windows, when renting rooms, that would read ‘No Blacks, No Dogs, No Irish’. Google image that to see. So, the question as to when the Irish became white is an interesting one. Not least because, like black Americans, virtually the same dehumanising stereotypes have long been applied to the Irish as to the blacks.

This book presents the issue in a why I’m not sure the author really intended – at least, not given his afterword (which I would almost recommend people read rather than the whole book). The author presents whiteness as a choice the Irish made, that the Irish had other options but that to become white was their choice. To support this idea he discusses Dan O’Connell at length, stressing his disgust at slavery. As Dan O’Connell was the great Irish hero of the day and since he was revolted by slavery, it seems obvious that the Irish who had gone to America and who often considered Dan O’Connell something of a god-like character, that they might likewise be revolted by slavery too.

However, this was rarely the case as is documented in detail here. What is interesting in this book is that the author lays much of the blame for this on the labour movement. He details strikes and attacks by poor Irish on the houses, jobs and livelihoods of even poorer blacks and sees this as means of one underclass, with the simple ‘advantage’ of lighter coloured skin, being able to displace another underclass without even this ‘advantage’.

 And it wasn’t enough to merely take these jobs, remember, jobs that no one else wanted to do virtually by definition - but they had to ensure that employers would not replace their labour with the cheaper labour of these black workers. One plays the advantages one has and defines ‘the other’ in ways that exclude them while requiring the continuation of advantage for those ‘like you’. So much for proletarian internationalism...

This is what it means to ‘become white’ - to play this advantage because you are ‘white’.

But what I found particularly interesting in all this wasn’t so much that ‘Christians’ would ignore the apparent requirement from their religion to ‘love thy neighbour, love thy enemy’. Unfortunately, ‘Christians’ tend to be much better at loving powerful enemies than they are at loving powerless ones. This is the ugly side of human nature, obviously enough, which no religious precept seems strong enough to counter for all but the very few. We may like to imagine that the merely poor will do what they can to help the terribly poor - but all too often there is no solidarity between those most in need for the protection of each other. This was true also with the arrival of convicts and their relationship with Australia’s Aboriginal communities too - the horrible strain of this is made clear in early accounts of the settlement at Port Jackson by Watkin Tench https://www.goodreads.com/review/show.... The officers were fascinated by the local Aboriginals, but held the convicts in utter contempt. It would be going too far to say this was the reason for the subsequent history of Aboriginal Australia, but it certainly set things off on exactly the wrong foot.

I’m becoming increasingly interested in boundaries and borders. I guess partly because Australia as a nation is obsessed with borders at the moment. Our new government punishes some of the most disadvantaged people on earth in inhuman confinement so as to keep the sanctity of our borders. They have a policy to stop people arriving here called Operation Sovereign Borders. We are prepared to send pregnant women, sick children, and disabled children to tiny tent cities on achingly poor Pacific islands. It is obscene and shameful. But I believe it says something very interesting about how we come to know things. Luhmann says that social institutions set themselves off by delineating themselves in much the same way that cells delineate themselves by creating a cell wall about themselves. There is what is inside and what is outside and this boundary is what creates definition. But like a Coalition Member of Parliament getting to kick a refugee, we police boundaries with care and attention.

The obviousness of black skin - and therefore the affordances that white skin brings - isn’t the only way races might be formed. We need to remember that races don’t really exist as biological facts, they exist as social constructs. Ireland is as good a proof of this as anywhere else. Remember that for over 300 years there have been incredible tensions between two sections of the population, the main difference between them being that one group is rather fond of Jesus and the other group quite likes his mum. If that isn’t reason enough to hate people, I really don’t know what is. And these are people who are identical to one another in virtually every way. So identical that you have to ask the person next to you what school they went to if you are ever going to find out if you should hate them or not.

I liked parts of this book a lot and found a lot of it very interesting. But it really is far too focused on the US and even then mostly only on a couple of states. I found myself wondering how relevant parts where to the overall story. If the lesson that one takes from this book is, ‘there is nothing people on the bottom like more than finding someone below them’, then this really is a painfully depressing book. All the same, some people, even Irish people, clearly did support abolition and did have human decency. Racism is not limited to people at the bottom of social structure - but understanding what motivates people to be racist, the economic, social and psychological benefits they receive that encourages them in their racism, is also important. In the end, racism hurts those on the bottom of the social order much more than those at the top. But not recognising the benefits people feel from racism hardly helps overcome it. ...more

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Mar 28, 2012 Erik Graff rated it it was amazing

Recommends it for: US citizens

Recommended to Erik by: no one

Shelves: history

When the Irish, particularly the rural Catholic Irish, began to flood the eastern cities of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century their position in society was very low, the lowest, in fact, of any large immigrant population of the era. How was it, Ignatiev asks, that they assimilated into the nation? The answer this book gives is not an uplifting one, hinging as it does upon, generally, the manufacture and maintenance of in and out groups and upon, particularly, the ...more

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Oct 12, 2010 Jeremy rated it it was amazing

One of the best works of history on race in America ever written. This book will reward the attentive reader with example after example of how the Irish altered their social position by acquiring "white privilege" long before the word was even known. It dovetails very nicely with the broader and equally brilliant Race: the Birth of An Idea in the West by Ivan Hannaford. Hannaford looks at the 30,000 foot level and the four century perspective. Ignatiev examines one nation, and the history of one ...more

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Jan 27, 2008 Philrequardt rated it really liked it

Do you have any racially neurotic friends? sure you do. have you ever noticed that they often think they're being profound and incisive, but they're actually just speaking and thinking in broad generalities that hold no water when examined in any kind of detail? of course you have. have you ever wanted to crawl inside their minds and bitch slap that racial victim/guilt/fetishist part of them? who hasn't? well, now you can. just tell them to read this book, gain some perspective, and take it down ...more

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Oct 29, 2011 Bill rated it really liked it

One finely-written history that challenges a lot of assumptions one may have harbored about our common American past. It will definitely make you cast a jaundiced eye toward anyone who talks about how hard the Irish had it when they first came to America. It might actually make you wanna slap them silly. I don't recommend that, though. Just read the book and share the knowledge.

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Feb 26, 2015 Allison Ryan rated it really liked it

How the Irish Became White provides a glimpse at the social evolution of the Irish in the years surrounding the Civil War, as they transitioned from an oppressed and unwelcome social class, to members of the white racial class.

The Irish in Ireland faced numerous troubles in the early 19th Century. They were impoverished farmers who were determined to break free from England’s tyranny. But once they finally emigrated to the United States, something unexpected happened; they were faced with a new How the Irish Became White provides a glimpse at the social evolution of the Irish in the years surrounding the Civil War, as they transitioned from an oppressed and unwelcome social class, to members of the white racial class.

The Irish in Ireland faced numerous troubles in the early 19th Century. They were impoverished farmers who were determined to break free from England’s tyranny. But once they finally emigrated to the United States, something unexpected happened; they were faced with a new society which was entirely based on racial segregation and industrial capitalism. Additionally, a “Nativist” movement attempted to subdue Irish/Catholic influence in the New World.

In order to overcome their new-found barriers, the Irish made a decision to escape the bottom-rung of poverty and to be fully accepted into mainstream society by aggressively aligning themselves with the Democratic Party; while simultaneously doing everything they could to keep African Americans in slavery and/or out of the labor market. In doing so, they earned the right to be considered “white” and receive the benefits and privileges associated with that social category.

As an Irish-American, I feel that it is important to learn about the true legacy of mass emigration of the Irish to America, and additionally, the meaning of “whiteness”. Ignatiev makes a strong case that Irish immigrants were willing to work extremely hard in order to pull themselves out of their severe poverty. The Irish were notorious for sparking “race riots” in which they would adherently attack African Americans. What I found interesting, and believe Ignatiev did a good job portraying, is that the race riots were actually in response to the economic condition of US capitalism. The labor markets in the North were being oversaturated with immigrants and freed slaves alike, driving wages lower and lower. In order to secure jobs, the Irish embedded themselves in the fight for racial segregation; hoping to force African Americans out of the factories and further into poverty.

The decision by the Irish to support segregation solidified the major distinction between somewhat privileged sectors of the US social and working classes from those on the bottom i.e. “Whiteness”. Ignatiev explains: “Since ‘white’ was not a physical description but one term of a social relation which could not exist without its opposite, ‘white man’s work’ was simply, work from which Afro-Americans were excluded.”
To be completely honest, the extreme violence and corruption shocked me at first, but ultimately it does in fact explain quite a lot about the current realities of Philadelphia, which remains racially tense and divided to this day.

I found that this is not an easy book to read. Ignatiev uses a lot of primary sources which makes the language somewhat difficult at times. What I found most challenging is that he often refrains from making his points clearly and directly, but rather draws you into long stories that only explain his primary thesis. Nevertheless, with a subject as intriguing as the early times of Irish in America, the book can be gripping, and I would highly recommend it.
...more

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Jan 06, 2015 Amanda rated it liked it · review of another edition

Shelves: social-issues, culture-and-identity, read-in-2015

Apparently it was LBJ (and not Malcolm X like I assumed for some reason) who said "If you can convince the lowest white man he's better than the best colored man, he won't notice you're picking his pocket. Hell, give him somebody to look down on, and he'll empty his pockets for you."

This quote, I believe, is a concise description of what Ignatiev is explaining in How the Irish Became White. It's not so much about how Irish immigrants changed their ethnicity but rather how they learned about the ...more

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Apr 18, 2013 Sharlyn rated it liked it · review of another edition

Shelves: race-racism

I think this book has really important ideas but is terribly written. The main takeaways are crucial, especially for white people's own understanding of their identity and privilege. I'd summarize the main lesson as: Whiteness is historically situated, contingent, and deeply connected if not inseparable from the claimants' willingness to uphold white supremacy through violence. It also does a good job discussing the developing whiteness of the Irish in the context of inter-class conflict and int ...more

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Jun 17, 2008 Brandon rated it did not like it

If you are Irish and want to feel even worse about yourself, or if you just plain don't like white people, I highly recommend this book. What started as an opportunity to make an interesting, educated, intelligent point on the history of race relations in America, quickly degraded into a tired, narrow-viewed blast against an ethnic group who would dare assimilate into their new land.

I am by no means defending some of the behavior of some Irish in America in the 1800s, however this book had the w ...more

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Mar 23, 2010 DoctorM rated it liked it

Shelves: history-and-historiography, nationalism-race-and-ethnicity

A well-written account of how Irish immigrants--- despised both in English-ruled Ireland and in Anglo-Saxon America as Catholic, uncivilised, and barely English-speaking ---became "white". Ignatiev looks to the all-too-human need of any oppressed group to find someone farther down the totem pole and to the way in which elites used race as a wedge to keep poor whites separate from and hostile to blacks both slave and free. A telling account of racial politics in the antebellum years.

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Sep 15, 2007 Alex rated it really liked it

Shelves: history, philly, racism, capitalism

"It is a curious fact," wrote John Finch, an English Owenite who traveled the United States in 1843, "that the democratic party, and particularly the poorer class of Irish immigrants in America, are greater enemies to the negro population, and greater advocates for the continuance of negro slavery, than any portion of the population in the free States."

How did the Irish become White? By violently subjugating African Americans, according to this courageous book by Noel Ignatiev.

As a part-Irish Am ...more

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Dec 26, 2007 Art rated it liked it

Shelves: race-reconciliation

History is best written if it retells the story of the past to explain how we all got to where we are now. Noel Ignatiev's, "How the Irish Became White", is one of those books where the present is illuminated by the past. He attempts to explain how Irish Americans embraced the privileges of their "whiteness" in the United States over against the plight of their African-American urban neighbors and against the cause of the abolitionists, in order to cast off the scorn of their oppressed existence ...more

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Jan 13, 2008 James Tracy rated it it was amazing

Shelves: radical-history

I think this is one of Noel's best pieces of writings. He is always challenging, insightful and incisive. This book, fully loaded with a tight historical narrative, avoids some of the pitfalls that other works in the White Studies canon fall into. That is that the antidote to WSP is simple individual choices, moments of "treason". At this point, almost any treason to the existing order is welcome, but I prefer the organized political type.

The book will go along way towards connecting Irish-Ameri ...more

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Jul 25, 2008 Tim rated it really liked it

Ignatiev has gotten a lot of crap from people saying he paints the Irish as a bunch of racist assholes but I didn't see that in this history of the creation of the white race. I think that he covers a fair amount of ground, hitting on issues of race, class, and a small bit of gender (though not much).

While whiteness as a historical study might be a fading fad, this book is absolutely important for any socially conscious person. If you claim Irish ancestry, don't buy into the neg hype - to truly ...more

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Jul 29, 2010 david rated it really liked it

Ignatiev's goal and he succeeds and i hope far more scholars join him is to 'dig under the walls of' Ethnic Studies, Black Studies and labor history. he's vicious and correct in his critique of the new labor history; in short if a bunch more books were written like this one and read, we'd have a stronger labor movement that would have to start by recalibrating the entire category of "who" and "what""labor" is. This along with Roediger, provides the key to appreciating the best of the 90s fad of ...more

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Mar 16, 2012 joshua rated it really liked it

Ignatiev is a master of whiteness studies. The development of different racial attitudes and identities between the Irish and Irish Americans is sad. Great read if you are wondering how certain groups became white, or if you thought that all people from Europe were always considered white in the US.

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Aug 18, 2009 Shannon rated it it was ok

SO BORING. This is such an interesting subject, but the writing is so dry that it reads more like the worst text book you've ever had. You can still manage to get something out of it, but it certainly isn't easy.

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Jan 17, 2011 Paul Cato rated it really liked it · review of another edition

Shelves: own, history, social-commentary, au

Perhaps knowing Ignatiev's son influenced my opinions, nevertheless I was quite impressed by this book. Most insightful were his thoughts on the concept of race in general featured in the afterward

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Feb 06, 2014 Gina rated it did not like it

I don't remember where I saw this book recommended initially, but having finished up some reading on African American history, and having had some questions on how we perceive race from the White Santa debacle (http://sporkful.blogspot.com/2013/12/...), this seemed like a reasonable reading choice. I was really disappointed.

At first it was just kind of underwhelming. There would be some interesting information, often horrific, but it was generally hard to focus because it was boring and when he I don't remember where I saw this book recommended initially, but having finished up some reading on African American history, and having had some questions on how we perceive race from the White Santa debacle (http://sporkful.blogspot.com/2013/12/...), this seemed like a reasonable reading choice. I was really disappointed.

At first it was just kind of underwhelming. There would be some interesting information, often horrific, but it was generally hard to focus because it was boring and when he occasionally tried to get flowery it felt artificial. It was the sort of thing where you wish for a different writing style or better editing, but the book was short so I was going to stick with it. Then I got to the afterword, and read one of the stupidest things I have ever read:

"The reader will note that I have written a book about racial oppression without using the term 'racism'. I consider the term useless...The sooner the term is retired, the better it will be for clear thinking all around."

What the ellipsis hides is a reference to Barbara J. Fields' commentary on the term, saying that racism "has been devalued to mean little more than a personal preference for one complexion over another."

I wanted to separate those quotes, because I don't want to blame Ignatiev for Fields' quote, but that he uses it and appears influenced by it may explain how he came to such an asinine conclusion. I have never seen the word "racism" used the way Fields describes. There are certainly differences to how some people use it, but there is a very real racism that is a problem, and taking away the vocabulary to speak about it will impede clear thinking, not benefit it. There could be an ivory tower isolationism going on, leading to naivete, but it is pretty common for people who want to uphold the status quo, where there is not only racism but racial (and racist) inequality, to use the same kind of reasoning. So that leads to suspicions about his motives, but he just wrote a book about racial oppression and did not seem to be in favor of it. Really, I'm flummoxed.

Then the best bit of writing comes two paragraphs after it, comparing the literature left from the period by both Irish and African Americans:

"perhaps it reflects a perception that the striving of the Negro for full freedom carried within itself the vision of a new world for everyone, while the assimilation of the Irish into white America meant merely more of the same."

And yes, that was evident in what the book had been saying all along, but now you're going to say something succinctly and well? Couldn't you have been doing that all along?

So I was surprised to see so many positive reviews, but one other kind of negative review mentioned another book that handled it better, Allen's The Invention of the White Race, so I guess I will eventually try that. ...more

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Dec 15, 2010 Stacy rated it liked it

Shelves: race

I don't read a lot of history, so it was difficult for me to follow this and retain the details. It did, however provide a lot of context about how whiteness became more solidified through a tendency of choices, alliances, and actions taken by the Irish. It is hard to imagine that the Irish once was perceived by white protestants and barely human. Thinking back at the book, it seems that there wasn't much emphasis on the desires of the ruling class to have the Irish ally themselves with whites. ...more

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Jun 23, 2011 Shaun rated it liked it

Ignatiev is heavy on the well-researched facts of Irish political maneuvering in the US (and Ireland) and perhaps a bit light on the overall arguments. That said, the argument itself is clear and challenging... so perhaps it could be said that I didn't need as much convincing as the author's research was prepared to provide, and thus I drowned a bit in the details.

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Mar 17, 2008 rae rated it it was amazing

this book was pretty world shattering. my views on american life in the 19th century have completely changed, and my concept of how racism developed, and even what it is exactly have been called into question.

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Jan 12, 2014 Smoothw rated it really liked it

An excellent history of the class and racial identity of Irish in America in the EP Thompson mode, although it doesn't have nearly the comprehensiveness of The making of the English Working Class. So very good, but a bit scattered, and it reads almost like a preliminary sketch of a greater work.

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Jul 15, 2008 Jsb rated it it was ok

Not what I thought it was going to be. Ignatiev focuses almost entirely on Irish anti-black racism, and not other ways of assimilation.

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Jun 28, 2010 RK Byers rated it really liked it

this book was good. it left me wavering between respect and admiration for Irish immigrants and abject loathing and hating.

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Nov 18, 2012 Katy rated it did not like it

Shelves: history-politics-current-affairs

Spectacular topic. Well researched. One of the worst written academic books I have read. (And I've read a lot.) Totally disappointing.

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Jun 28, 2014 Ahonsi rated it it was ok · review of another edition

For being only 180+ pages in length, the short read was laborious.

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Feb 03, 2017 Fraser Sherman rated it really liked it

Shelves: history

According to Ignatiev, when the first Irish immigrants arrived in America, they wound up mingling with black Americans so much people thought they'd amalgamate into one mixed race. Instead the Irish worked to segregate themselves from blacks — aggressively keeping blacks out of their neighborhoods, career fields, social institutions — to position Irish Americans as standing on the "white" side of the racial divide with all the benefits and status that brought. Depressingly familiar, but also ver ...more

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Dec 19, 2016 Robert rated it it was ok

A very disappointing book that never answers the question in the title. Instead it is a collection of essays mostly unrelated to each other and only vaguely related to the topic. The most is mostly rambling case studies and anecdotes, with a numbing listing of events with little narrative or explanation.

The focus is also far too narrow, for some reason focusing on Philadelphia around 1840s and 50s, which is only a fraction of the Irish experience. There is never any discussion about what being W ...more

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Jan 11, 2017 Brianne rated it it was ok

This book was such a fascinating topic, but so very dry. We picked it for a book club, but none of us actually completed the whole thing, as the very academic style of writing would have worked great for an article, but was challenging for a whole book.

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About Noel Ignatiev

Noel Ignatiev is an American history professor who earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1995. As part of a group of social scientists and geneticists that views race distinctions and race itself as a social construct, he is best known for his call to abolish the "white race" (meaning "white privilege and race identity") while being the co-founder of the New Abolitionist Society and co-editor of the jo ...more

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The Lesson of the Hour: Wendell Phillips on Abolition & Strategy

The Point Is Not To Interpret Whiteness But To To Abolish It

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