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La Trahison des Clercs

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Julien Benda's classic study of 1920s Europe resonates today. The "treason of the intellectuals" is a phrase that evokes much but is inherently ambiguous. The book bearing this title is well known but little understood. This edition is introduced by Roger Kimball.

From the time of the pre-Socratics, intellectuals were a breed apart. They were non-materialistic knowledge-seekers who believed in a universal humanism and represented a cornerstone of civilized society. According to Benda, this all began to change in the early twentieth century. In Europe in the 1920s, intellectuals began abandoning their attachment to traditional philosophical and scholarly ideals, and instead glorified particularisms and moral relativism.

The "treason" of which Benda writes is the betrayal by the intellectuals of their unique vocation. He criticizes European intellectuals for allowing political commitment to insinuate itself into their understanding of the intellectual vocation, ushering the world into "the age of the intellectual organization of political hatreds." From the savage flowering of ethnic and religious hatreds in the Middle East and throughout Europe today to the mendacious demand for political correctness and multiculturalism on college campuses everywhere in the West, the treason of the intellectuals continues to play out its unedifying drama.

266 pages, Mass Market Paperback

First published January 1, 1927

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About the author

Julien Benda

81 books24 followers
Julien Benda (26 December 1867 – 7 June 1956) was a French philosopher and novelist. He remains famous for his short book, La Trahison des Clercs (The Treason of the Intellectuals or The Betrayal of the Intellectuals). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 52 reviews
Profile Image for BlackOxford.
1,095 reviews69.4k followers
January 19, 2018
A Century of Further Decline

Several days ago I posted a review of my re-reading of Hermann Hesse’s The Glass Bead Game. Re-entering that magical sphere, I recalled this piece by Julien Benda. Written two decades before The Glass Bead Game, Treason of The Intellectuals covers similar ground and makes the same point as Hesse: something has gone seriously awry with education and the uses of intellectual power. One can only observe that, if anything, the situation has become worse since Hesse and Benda wrote. So it seems sensible to revisit Treason to at least become more aware of the problem.

“Our age,” Benda says, referring to that generation of almost a century ago, “is indeed the age of the intellectual organization of political hatreds.” Little did he comprehend how far that hatred might expand in depth and scope. From the nationalistic terrorism of the Middle East, to the nativist terrorism of the European and North American Right, every faction has its sociological and political experts, their intellectual privateers, as Hesse called them, from universities and ‘think tanks’. They all pretend to provide factual arguments for some point of view. Of course their main products are tendentious statements of half-truths and ‘alternative facts.’

The intellectuals who peddle this material are far more successful in worldly terms than those who merely engage in scholarly thought and reflection. The pedlars have a constituency, from this they enjoy celebrity, and from celebrity they derive wealth with which to peddle more intellectual junk. Bill O’Reilly and his former cohort at Fox News is a sterling example of the pseudo-intellectual pundit who has little interest in either truth or his fellowman.

Not that the political Right, or even politics generally, have a monopoly on intellectual hypocrisy. The business guru is arguably top of the heap when it comes to academic rubbish. Typically with a degree or two from one or another leading Business School and having written a carefully structured article, employing unverifiable ‘facts’ from six proprietary case studies, placed through contacts in the Harvard Business Review, the business intellectual is guaranteed a following, and more importantly, clients for his bold experiments in corporate organisation. He might expect $20,000 for an after dinner speech and countless numbers of highly paid consulting contracts.

Academia itself has created an ideology of ‘relevance’ that feeds the beast. At one point early in my career I was a member of an academic institute at the University of Pennsylvania. The institute was run by a brilliant man who had an explicit and compelling credo: ‘We are not here to address academic puzzles but to solve real social problems.’ What he meant by that in practice was that we would only do work if it was for someone else who was willing to pay us. This made sense to me at the time. Only as I matured did I realise that what we were doing was letting someone else - particularly if they had deep pockets - define what constituted a significant social problem. Commercialisation of our talents in research and analysis did not make us any more relevant, just richer.

That the lives of thousands of corporate employees might be thrown into turmoil, their livelihoods risked or lost, their human autonomy eliminated, hardly crosses the mind of the commercial academic or business ‘thought-leader’. His self-image and rationalisation is one of advancing knowledge and making the world an economically more efficient place. I know this because I had this self-image and made this rationalisation for a large part of my adult life and was considered normal by my colleagues. According to Benda I should receive no mercy: “Those who lead men to the conquest of material things have no need of justice and charity.” I can’t disagree.

The problem is not one of practice and professional error but one of ideals. Human beings have always been self-centred, careerist and often nasty. But they knew when they acted badly because of the professional standards of public intellectuals. “It may be said that, thanks to the ‘clerks’, humanity did evil for two thousand years, but honoured good.” In today’s world intellectual vices have become virtues. Ambition is the essential mark of character for the university graduate. Winning is the only measure of success no matter how banal, or destructive, or painful to others the competition might be. “The cult if success [by which] I mean the teaching which says that when a will is successful that fact alone gives it a moral value.” is now accepted as the norm.

The real damage done by a man like Trump is that he incites all around him to forget entirely that there are such things as ideals. He stimulates the passions of his supporters with the help of palace ‘clerks’ who know that he lies, misleads, and misdirects intentionally, not necessarily to hide or conceal, but because he wants it known that he can do those things with impunity. It appears that we have reached the level of ultimate intellectual treason. Could there possibly be anywhere deeper to go?
Profile Image for hayatem.
751 reviews166 followers
September 20, 2020
"يعاني العالم دائماً من تكذيبه للحقيقة المجردة."— تشارلز رينوفير ( فيلسوف فرنسي)

كتاب المرحلة، يصف ما نشهده اليوم من مواقف متلونة و متبدلة للعديد من المثقفين ( مثقف السلطة أو المثقف الشكلي)، في ظل الواقع العربي السياسي -الاجتماعي الراهن، وما تمر به المنطقة العربية من تحولات كبرى، وصراعات، وحرائق، وتبدلات في المواقف الفاعلة.

في هذه المرحلة التاريخية الحساسة التي تعصف بمستقبل وآمال الفرد العربي في المنطقة، بتنا نجهل الطريق إلى أين؟ و لا إلى أين نحن ماضون؟،…
أين الوجهة؟، وما الطريق !؟ ومن نحن؟، حقاً من نحن؟ ومن هم؟!

يثير الكاتب العديد من النقاط النقدية حول: إشكالية العلاقة بين المثقف والسلطة، وسلطة المثقف أو شخصيته مابين الماضي والحاضر . ويفسر بطرح عدد من الأشكال والنماذج أسباب تغيّر وتبدل أدوار المثقف مابين الأمس واليوم.

خيانة المثقفين في بلادنا قاسية، خصوصاً مع سعي العديد منهم في تلميع وتمييع العديد من المفاهيم، والمواقف والمبادئ والقيم وتجريفها لتجسير واقع جديد نقع نحن على هامشه، وتشويه الوعي، وتزييف صورتنا، وتزوير المعارف( المعرفة) والحقائق لخدمة تيارات أو مصالح سياسية معينة ( تطبيل المثقفين)، وخيانة الذاكرة، والانقلاب على هويتنا !
Profile Image for AC.
1,895 reviews
September 7, 2010
A passionate, poorly argued hodge-podge on the anti-enlightenment trends of the interwar French intelligentsia that gathered around men like Charles Maurras and L' Action Française. The thesis is interesting -- though not entirely persuasive -- but the book is better known than read. The Introduction is written in the style of some sort of Straussian cant and is a complete waste of time.
Profile Image for Nasser Moh'd.
207 reviews144 followers
March 25, 2021
لعل أهم وصف يمكن إسباغه على كتاب "خيانة المثقفين" للمفكر الفرنسي "جوليان بندا" هو أنه كتاب شبح، وذلك لأنه واحد من تلك الكتب التي يكثر ذكرها بين الحين والآخر لكن قلة رأته، بالإضافة إلى أنه واحد من تلك الكتب التي يرجع إليها كثر في مقالاتهم ودراساتهم ومواقفهم لكن قلة من بينهم قرأته حقاً.

ومع هذا لا بد أن نشير إلى أن مرحلتين على الأقل من التاريخ الثقافي الفرنسي في القرن العشرين شهدتا ظهور "خيانة المثقفين" بقوة في الساحة الثقافية الفرنسية، الأولى عند نهاية العقد الثالث من القرن العشرين بعد ظهوره مباشرة في عام 1927، حيث أحدث ضجة كبيرة وسجالات صاخبة وقسم الرأي العام الثقافي الفرنسي عمودياً. والأخيرة في عام 1946 حين صدرت طبعة جديدة له مع مقدمة عصرية مباشرة بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية يوم بدأت تصفية الحسابات من حول تعاون العديد من المثقفين الفرنسيين مع المحتل النازي، ما كشف عن راهنية ذلك الكتاب كما سوف نرى بعد سطور.

بين المثقفين والكهنة

قبل ذلك لا بد من توضيح يتعلق بعنوان الكتاب. فالحقيقة أن الترجمة الحرفية للعنوان هي "خيانة الكهنة" غير أن أحداً لم يتعامل مع العنوان بهذا المعنى، بل فهم الجميع أن الكهنة هنا كناية عن المثقفين. ومن هنا لم يتعامل أحد مع كتاب "بندا" على أنه نصّ ديني، بل على أنه كتاب أشبه ببيان يتصدى لضروب الخلل، "الواصل إلى حد الخيانة"، الذي كان يسود الحياة الفكرية والأدبية في فرنسا أواسط القرن العشرين. فمن هم هؤلاء الذين يتهمهم بندا بالخيانة في كتابه، ومن خانوا ولماذا؟

ببساطة هم عموم المثقفين الذين رأى أنهم جميعاً خانوا الفكر النقيّ الخالص، هائمين وراء الأهواء السياسية والأيديولوجية، متخلّين عن المثل العليا التجاوزية، التي يعود بها الكاتب إلى أفلاطون، معتبراً أن كل المثقفين قد غدروا به، هم الذين كانت مهمتهم تقضي في الأساس محاربة كل ضروب ما يسمونه بالواقعية السياسية والنزعات القومية، باسم تلك القيم العليا، قيم العدالة والحقيقة والجمال التي "من الواضح أنه لم يعد لها مكان في عالمهم". وهو يسمي بالتحديد القسم الأكبر من مفكري جيله فنجده يقارع موريس باريس وشارل مورّا وغابرييلي دانونزيو وجورج سوريل، واضعاً الفاشيين والماركسيين في سلة واحدة، لكنه لا يكتفي بهم وبأمثالهم بل يوسع دائرة هجومه لتشمل مفكرين ألماناً من هردر إلى نيتشه، ثم في عودة إلى الفكر الفرنسي يهاجم صديقه القديم برغسون، الذي يأخذ عليه كونه قال يوماً إن كل شيء يبدأ صوفياً لينتهي سياسياً.

"وطنهم دائماً على حق"

والحقيقة أنه ندر ما نفد واحد من أبناء ذلك الجيل والجيل الذي سبقه من "سلاطة" قلم جوليان بندا، الذي انطلق في الكتاب من فكرة في غاية البساطة، مفادها أن "من سوء حظ زماننا أن يرى رجال فكر، أو رجالا يقولون إنهم رجال فكر، يُقسمون على عدم إخضاع نزعتهم القومية لأي رقابة تضعها تحت سلطة أي حكم صائب يمارسه الحسّ السليم معلنين"، كما يفعل موريس باريس، أنه "حتى لو كان الوطن مخطئا يجب أن نعتبره محقاً"، معتبرين كل شركائهم في الوطن خونة للأمة إن هم حافظوا على حرية عقلهم أو كلامهم على الأقل.

"عالمنا العربي اليوم"
وعندما نقيس رأي جوليان بيندا اليوم نجد نفسنا أمام بما يسمى "الوطنجيه" والصحف الصحراء ومثقفين السلطه الذين ظهروا لنا فجأةً في وجه الربيع العربي محاربين لحركة تطور التاريخ ومضادين لحريات الشعوب وخيارتها وهم أمثال في السعوديه تركي الحمد وتركي الدخيل وفي مصر يوسف زيدان وفي سوريا أودنيس وفي غيرهم الكثير في عالمنا العربي.

مهما يكن من أمر يبقى أمامنا الكتاب الذي يدفعنا دائماً إلى التساؤل حول ماهية أولئك الكهنة "المثقفين"، الذي كان بندا يتوجه إليهم. كانوا بالنسبة إليه كل أولئك الكتاب الذين يلتزمون بالقضايا الأيديولوجية ودائماً باسم قيم يتحدثون عنها مدّعين أنها هي ما يحركهم، لكنهم في الحقيقة لا يتحركون باسم أي قيم إنسانية حقيقية، بل باسم أيديولوجيات ومنطق أحزاب ودول وجماعات منغلقة على نفسها لا تسعى إلا إلى نشر الكراهية وشتى أنواع العداوات في سبيل ما يُخيّل إليها أنها قيم ترتبط بالخير والحقيقة والجمال.

وفي الختام
اعتقد أن الكتاب لا يقدم جديداً ولكنه كتاب له ظرفه التاريخي والسياسي ولذلك أرى كتاب "خيانة المثقفين" لأدوارد سعيد يناقش الزمن الحالي وقضايا الأمه العربيه ويفضح اشكالية المثقف العربي .

Profile Image for Sandu Antocian.
44 reviews4 followers
February 17, 2023
Cărturarii sunt acei care sprijină pilonii inteligenței într-o societate. În linii generale, menirea lor este să adopte o poziție critică față de politicieni și să contribuie la formarea opiniei publice, precum și a mediului intelectual național. Într-un sens mai larg, funcția lor este de a nu permite înregimentarea ideologică a poporului și de a opune rezistență oricăror oprimări sau devianțelor nocive în gândirea publică, promovate, în multe cazuri, de factorul politic.
De fapt, problema angajării politice și partizanatului ideologic în rândul intelectualității este mult prea veche pentru a mai fi dezbătută. Important este că astăzi, ca și o sută de ani în urmă, unele persoane care se autoetichetează drept „intelectual” și „gânditor dezinteresat” sunt părtașii unor mișcări politice și ideologice, care le inculcă un spectru de gândire ideologizant și le paralizează spiritul critic. Derutările ideologice orchestrate de un partid, mișcare sau curent ideologic favorizează crearea unui discurs public trunchiat, care, inevitabil, produce un efect asupra maselor largi și încearcă să impună universului social o altă ordine axiologică.
În 1927, aceleași probleme îl măcinau și pe filosoful francez Julien Benda, care a scris un eseu de excepție -„Trădarea cărturarilor”. Cartea a fost destinată intelectualilor din cercurile europene, care s-au lăsat seduși de favorurile materiale și au renunțat la o gândire dezinteresată. Benda postulează că angajamentul politic al intelectualului este un act de înaltă trădare față de poporul său. Pasiunile politice sunt cele mai reprobabile pentru un cărturar, fiindcă ele, deseori, urmăresc scopuri meschine și corupte. Astfel, există un criteriu incontestabil ca să aflăm când un cărturar implicat în viața publică își urmează calea firească: el devine imediat ținta oprobriului lumii laice. Urmând această logică interpretativă se stabilește că un cărturar, fiind lăudat de laici, și-a trădat misiunea. Cauzele acestor angajamente, Benda le explică prin dorința de bunăstare materială, prestigiul social, obținerea de favoruri - lucruri, în esența lor, efemere.
Filosoful francez expune faptul că sub noțiunea de intelectual se pot subînțelege artiști, poeți, scriitori, adica persoanele care și-au cultivat o predilceție pentru creație și ale căror operă reverberează în rândurile publicului. Însă, există o clasă aparte de intelectuali, a căror abandonare a spiritului de gândire dezinteresată poate fi și mai nocivă. Aceștia sunt istoricii. Trădarea istoricilor este mult mai blamabilă, datorită importanței discursului și demersului pe care îl creează pentru „laici”. În acest sens, vinovăția istoricului față de îndoctrinarea maselor devine dublă. „Părtinirea în prezentarea istoriei este una dintre modalitățile în care cărturarul modern își trădează cel mai grav misiunea, dacă se acceptă definiția dată de noi acesteia: ea constă în stăvilirea pesonalității laicilor; în acest fel, cărturarul nu numai că le ațâță acestor mai dibaci ca oricând pasiunea, nu numai că îi lipsește de sugestiva contemplare a unui om stăpânit exclusiv de setea de adevăr, dar îi și împiedică să asculte un glas străin de piața publică, acel glas care afirmă că, de la înălțimea rostirii sale, pasiunile contrarii sunt tot atât de justificate, tot atât de necesare cetății pământești, și care-l îndeamnă, astfel, pe cititorul cât de cât capabil de autodepășre să destindă, măcar o clipă, rigiditatea propriei pasiuni”.
Pentru a face un sumar, aș putea afirma că eseul lui Julien Benda este actual ca niciodată. De fapt, timp de o sută de ani, factura umană nu a suferit schimbări esențiale, iar subiectul partizanatului politic este unul recurent. Cert este că intelectualii contemporani își creează singuri un rost în societate, iar pe ce cale o apucă depinde doar de fiecare în parte.
Profile Image for Alexander Smith.
241 reviews64 followers
January 13, 2018
Truthfully, this book does not say very much. What has been said here, if it were not a work of history, could have been argued in all of 20 pages. This is not to say that what is has said is not relevant or important. However, there is a slight oddity in that the very thesis of the book seems to fail at its own goal. If this book is reported as a work of a 'clerc', then it is a failure. Thus, I choose to not see it as such, but rather an interested (as opposed to disinterested, as the book would argue) warning to the intellectual.

The warning is as follows: 'The society of intellectuals ("clercs") should never stoop to the goals of nationalism, fascism, or hatred towards those of property. As soon as the society (or individuals of that society) does so, it gives up any plausible attention to transcendental truths.' Here I agree.

However, the way in which the author organizes this argument has difficulty. For example, the author claims that it is not necessarily the goal of a clerc that makes one fail, but rather how this work is used that makes it sufficiently treasonous. However, if a clerc intends to be used by political "realists" or for practical policy, it is necessarily a failure. The problem here is that it is claimed reasonable to place blame on the intellectual for their social interpretation regardless of their goal. If this were the case, then Spinoza, a clerc which the author to be a shining example, would be a failure under interpretation of post-modern religion. Spinoza's ethics is often proposed as a method of establishing a social anarchy of post-modern experience. This is not disinterested!

I wondered if the author would clarify more in detail how to address these interpretations, but he never does. Instead he resorts to rants about interested others. I feel this book leaves its arguments vaguely unfinished, and instead rests its case on historical failures and predictions, such as grand wars, which could have been explained away by other means, and often were.

Still, there is something respectable about pointing this out, and it would seem to me that in a modern world, this is the kind of argument that is often offered in opposition to scientifically and ethically relativist postmodernist propositions. It raises questions about how one presents their work as an academic and whether or not it is truly a theoretical gain, or if it is rather solely interested in political power under the banner of popular ethical quips. It oddly enough, seems to offer the beginnings of an explanation for why the alt-right and antifa might be considered equally nationalistic, fascistic, and ethically relativistic in the modern political world. Unfortunately, it does not do so an an sufficiently metaphysically useful way. So one cannot use this work as a clerc, one can only use the questions it raises.
Profile Image for Constantin C..
119 reviews11 followers
January 13, 2018
Egalitariștii din zilele noastre, neînțelegând că nu poate exista egalitate decât în abstract și că esența concretului este inegalitatea, și-au dovedit, dincolo de remarcabila lor stângăcie politică, și extraordinara grosolănie de spirit. (p. 88)

(...) faptul că astăzi în special oamenii de litere, în imensa lor majoritate, blamează liberalismul se numără printre fenomenele moderne care vor uimi cel mai mult istoria (...). Fascinați de statul puternic, aceștia au proslăvit statul disciplinat de tip prusac, în care fiecare la postul său, ascultând ordinele de sus, contribuie la măreția patriei, fără a mai lăsa loc inițiativelor personale. (p. 105)
Profile Image for Mohammed  Hassan.
47 reviews11 followers
September 6, 2020
انتهيت مؤخرا من قراءة كتاب " خيانة المثقفين" وعلى الرغم من أن الطبعة الأولى لهذا الكتاب كانت في عام 1927، والتي يمكن أن تبدو قديمة ، إلا أن القضايا الرئيسية التي يعالجها الكاتب لا تزال قائمة حتى اليوم، يعرف جوليان بيندا، المثقفين في كتابه بأنه " اولئك الذين لا يسعون وراء المصالح والمكاسب، بل يجدون سعادتهم في ممارسة فن او مزاولة علم او البحث في نظريات ما وراء الطبيعة، وتتلخص سعادتهم في الترفع عن ملذات الحياة" فالمثقف هو “الشخص الذي تحركه قناعاته بمبادئ الحقيقة والعدالة، ورغبته في إدانة الفساد والدفاع عن الضعفاء والمظلومين، وتحدي سلطات القهر والتخلف والفساد، لأنه يعي مسؤوليته إزاء ضميره، وإزاء أمته، وإزاء التاريخ الإنساني" وقد استشهد الكاتب بمعارضة الكاتب فرانسوا فينلون لحروب لويس الرابع عشر، وبإدانة فولتير للاستبداد ومصادرة الحريات، ووقوف الروائي إيميل زولا ضد الظلم، وتصدي المؤرخ إرنست رينان لعنف نابليون وحروبه، وإدانة الفيلسوف نيتشه لبربرية أبناء وطنه الألمان تجاه الفرنسيين، وغيرها من الأمثلة. ويعطي امثلة اخرى حول المثقفين الذي كانوا يقفون مع السلطة ويلهثون وراء المنافع المادية في العصر الحاضر. ويبين جوليان ان اسباب انهيار المثقفين هما لسببين الاول تحقيق المصلحة المادية. والثاني هو الحصول على التقدير والشهرة. ومن الاسباب التي ادت الى تدهور دور المثقف هي أسباب عديدة نشأت منذ القرن التاسع عشر منها صعود القوميات، أدت إلى تبدل القيم الانسانية وربطها بالمصلحة والمنفعه مع خيانة المثقفين وتبدل أدوارهم. كذلك مركزية الدولة ودافع في تحقيق النجاح.
ومن خلال القراءة تبادر الى ذهني اسئلة، ما هو دور المثقف فيما يحدث اليوم في العراق؟ ما الذي أضافه المثقفون إلى الشارع العراقي؟ أليس على المثقفين أن يكونوا حاملين لمشروع الدفاع عن حقوق الشعب وحرياته، منادين بالحقيقة وناطقين بها ؟

عندما قامت الثورة الفرنسية كان اول من نزل للشارع مع التجمعات الطلابية هم المثقفين وكان على رأسهم سارتر سنة 1968 داعماً الى ثورتهم وسانداً لهم. حتى في موقفة من بلده اتجاة الاستعمار الفرنسي فكان سارتر موقفا معاديا لفكرة الجزائر فرنسية وقد تبنى رغبة الشعب الجزائري في الاستقلال. حتى كتب " عارنا في الجزائر" هذا ما يؤكد علي جوليان بيندا في كتابه، ان مهمه المثقف ان يقول الحقيقة حتى لو كانت ضد وطنه. كل ما نحتاجه اليوم هو سارتر العراقي!.

يعرف سارتر المثقف هو شخص يعمل ضد الايديولوجيا السائد ويكون الى جانب الطبقة المهمشة. فيعمل من اجل تحقيق العدالة والمساواة والحرية. الذي يقف مع الطبقات الكادحة ويدعم الجماهير للمطالبة بحقوقهم. ولو نظرنا الى المثقف العراقي نجده بعيداً عن الجمهور وعن حقوق شعبه، لا يعبر بأي حال من الأحوال عن همومهم و قضاياهم، والمصيبة الاكبر يقف مع السلطة والاحزاب الحاكمة ويصفق لها بمقالاته وافكارة البالية، وهنا يظهر لنا نمط من انماط المثقفين وهو ( المثقف الحزبي وسلطوي ) او كما يسميهم بول إيف نيزان عام 1932، ( بكلاب الحراسة ) ويقصد بهم اؤلئك "المثقفون الذين يعملون، بما ينتجونه من أشكال الخطاب وبوعي أو من دونه، على حراسة نظام الحكم القائم" صار كلاب الحراسة في العراق يلعبون دوراً مهماً في تضليل الشعب من اجل الحفاظ على مصالحهم وإرادة المؤسسات التي يعملون بها. اضافة لذلك فان المثقف العراقي يعيش في الإيديولوجيا التي يؤمن بها، والتي تخدم مصالحه ومصالح من يروج لهم سواء كانت سلطة او مجموعة او حزب. ان تقديم المصالح الشخصية عن المصلحة العامة هي خيانه عظمى كما يصفها ادوارد سعيد حين يقول " خيانة المثقف أشـد ضرراً على الوطن من خيانة السياسي، المثقف الذي يقدم مصلحته الشخصية على مصالح أبناء بلده هو خائن لنفسه قبل أن يكون خائناً لوطنه، والمثقف الذى يغريه المنصب وتغريه الأموال يبيع نفسه لقاء دراهم معدودة لا قيمة لها في الحساب الختامي لدوره في تحسين أوضاع أبناء أمته، والمثقف الذي يضع مواهبه فى خدمة هذا الطرف أو ذاك يعلم أنه يتحول إلى "بلياتشو" يتلون وجهه كل يوم باللون المطلوب، أو هو في أفضل الأحوال يصبح مجرد "أراجوز" تحركه أيادٍ الآخرين التي تستعمله ولا تحترمه" هؤلاء هم بعيدين عن هموم هذا الشعب وتطلعاته. ان العلاقة بين المثقف والسلطة هي علاقة ازلية، فتستعمل السلطة المثقفين، من أجل المحافظة على نفوذها في المشهد السياسي والثقافي٠ ففي مقاله لتشومسكي يبين في��ا العلاقة بين المثقف والسلطة واقتبس ما يقوله في هذا الصدد "المثقف هو من يحمل الحقيقة في وجه القوة وإن معظم تاريخ المثقفين يميل إلى الخنوع للسلطة"

ان (( الرزالة )) التي يوجها جوليا بحق المثقفين ما هي الا نصيحه لهم! حيث يدعوهم ان يكونوا الى جانب الحق والعدالة بعيداً عن مصالحهم. الكتاب مهم وللاسف صدر عام 1927 وترجمته للعربية عام 2020 هكذا كتب اجدر بالترجمة من غيرها.
واخيرا يقول نعوم ‏تشومسكي حول الكتاب " أحب الكتب الصغيرة إليّ كتاب جوليان بيندا «خيانة المثقفين» القائم على هذه النظرية الثنائية البسيطة: في العالم منظومتي قيم متنافستين: الشهرة والثروة، والحقيقة والعدالة من الجانب الآخر. فكلما ازداد المرء حمية في التزامه بالحقيقة والعدالة، قل احتمال أن يعرف الشهرة والثروة.
Profile Image for Stela.
1,008 reviews401 followers
July 15, 2023
Apărută pentru prima dată în 1927, aparținînd unui scriitor al cărui nume e astăzi (pe nedrept) aproape uitat, Trădarea cărturarilor pornește de la premisa că politicul (întruchipare a viziunii reale sau practice a existenței) tinde să acapareze și să anihileze artisticul (dimensiunea dezinteresată sau metafizică a existenței) cu ajutorul chiar al "cărturarilor" (les clercs - cei devotați sferei spiritului, adică cei care, desprinși de existența practică, apără o formă de ideal situată în artă, filosofie, literatură sau religie) care nu se mai opun "laicilor" (les laïcs - realiștii orientați spre bunuri temporale - pămînt, avere, putere politică și în consecință bîntuiți de pasiuni sociale, rasiale sau naționale).
Se poate afirma a priori că un carturar lăudat de laici și-a trădat misiunea.


Trădarea constă în adoptarea pasiunilor politice, în aservirea artei prin xenofobie și naționalism înverșunat (d.e. Barrés), prin tendenționism etc., și are drept cauze extinderea intereselor politice asupra tuturor oamenilor, fără excepție, consistența sporită a obiectelor care alimentează pasiunile realiste și nu în ultimul rînd dorința și capacitatea scriitorilor de a juca un rol politic, în contextul in care cultura clasică și ținuta intelectuală sînt considerabil diminuate.

Așa se explică de ce principiile cărturarului modern au devenit exaltarea curajului (pe care filosofii, de la Socrate la Renan, îl considerau o virtute de rangul al doilea), exaltarea onoarei, exaltarea durității împreună cu disprețul față de iubirea de oameni și cultul succesului, adică preamărirea (conform distincției lui Saint-Beuve) "inteligenței-spadă" în locul "inteligenței-oglindă".
...înregimentată într-o imensă uzină, nemaiștiind decît de eroisme, discipline și invenții, batjocorind orice act liber și dezinteresat, perfect hotărîtă să nu-și mai plaseze idealul dincolo de lumea reală și nemaiavînd alt zeu decît pe sine insăși, omenirea va săvîrși lucruri mari, va dobîndi stăpînirea cu adevărat grandioasă a materiei înconjurătoare și conștiința cu adevărat voioasă a puterii și măreției sale. Și istoria va zîmbi la gîndul că Socrate și Iisus Cristos au murit pentru această specie
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Profile Image for رائد العيد.
Author 4 books283 followers
June 11, 2020

مهما وصل الإنسان إلى مراحل عالية في الوعي ستظل لديه منافذ لتسريب المفاهيم والقناعات إلى اللاواعي دون خضوعها لتفكير نقدي.

أقول تسريب المفاهيم تهوينًا من فتح الأبواب لها على مصراعيها فهذا أردى وأسوأ.

خيانة المثقفين من المواضيع التي يتراشقها العامة والمثقفون أنفسهم، فالعاميّ يضخم ما يرى من تصرفات سيئة لبعض المنتمين لأي حقل فينسبه لكل أهل ذلك الحقل، والمثقف يحاول أن يدافع عن نفسه ويُبعده عنها التُهم بإسقاط غيره فيها.

البحث عن المكانة وتحقيق المصالح المادية سببان رئيسيان لكل حالات التقلّبات الفكرية والثقافية، والتي تؤدي إلى خيانة المرء لشخصيته وقناعاته الذاتية بل ومعتقداته في سبيل تحقيق أعلى نصيب منها.

يؤرخ ويعالج الكاتب الفرنسي جوليان بيندا ظاهرة خيانة المثقفين للمبادئ التي يؤمنون بها تحت سطوة الدولة الحديثة والخوف من السجن أو البحث عن المكانة مشرّحًا العديد من الحالات في السياق الأوروبي بالتحديد، والدكتور محمد شعبان صوان قدّم بمقدمة حافلة عن بعض الأمثلة والآثار العربية لهذه الظاهرة مع إبراز بعض الانتقادات على الكتاب.

كتاب جيد لا يفيد المبتدئين
Profile Image for Faisal X.
114 reviews101 followers
October 14, 2021
تعريف الخيانة الذي يقصده هذا الكتاب هو خيانة المثقف لمهمته الإنسانية التي ترتكز على خدمة العقل و الابتعاد عن كل ما هو متصل بالمادية و المصلحة الشخصية. استعراض جميل لتاريخ الحركة القومية التي انطلقت من ألمانيا و مهدت لظهور الفكر النازي الذي يعتمد اعتماد تام على مبدأ رفعة و نقاء العرق الآري, عتب المؤلف على مثقفين القرن الحالي و الذي قبله و خاصة في فرنسا على انغماسهم في المادية و الدعاوي السياسية نبذ المبادئ الإنسانية التي بدأت من فرنسا.
اعتبرها رسالة تهديد لسقوط الأمم الأوروبية في وحل القومية المجردة بلا مشاعر تربطهم بباقي البشرية.

نختم باقتباس من الكتاب:" إن عصرنا الحالي هو عصر المنظمات الثقافية للكراهية السياسية"
كل تواجد ثقافي بنزعة قومية أو عرقية داخل المؤسسة السياسة يعرقل التقدم الحضاري نحو بناء نموذج حضاري إنساني مترابط مع بقية العالم.
Profile Image for Ingeborg .
245 reviews44 followers
August 6, 2014
Even though the first edition of this book was in 1927, which can seem ancient, but the main issues that it adresses are still alive today, and are still a problem. Intellectuals are prone to politics and their own interests, the majority of people does not think beyond their primary needs and interests ... Who is going to protect humanity from its own stupidity, greed, its dangerous narrow national interests and wrong choices? Who is going to think outside the box, and want something moral and truthful and meaningful for all? Who - if not intellectuals?

The author sometimes repeats himself, but this is still a very good and important book. It makes you think!
Profile Image for Czarny Pies.
2,684 reviews1 follower
June 14, 2021
De nos jours, "La trahison des clercs" suscitent beaucoup d'intérêt chez les anglophones car il semble expliquer pourquoi beaucoup d'intellectuels dans le monde anglo-saxon se sont ralliés à l'Alt-Right (droite alternative américaine) de Donald Trump ou à la limite de Boris Johnson. C'est surprenant parce qu'il faut bien faut connaitre des auteurs francais tels Charles Maurras, Maurice Barrès, Charles Péguy, Paul Claudel, Paul Bourget, Henri Bergson afin de comprendre la thèse de Benda.
Quand Benda écrivait son livre pendant les années 1920 il croyait que la montée du fascisme et du communisme a été le résultat de la domination de la philosophie allemande. Benda détestait déteste ce qu'il regardé commet étant le mysticisme de la philosophie allemande (Hegel et d'autres) selon laquelle la vérité est dynamique et chaque époque a son propre esprit (zeitgeist). Grace à cette philosophie, bien des intellectuels (les clercs) croyaient qu'ils devaient participer dans l'histoire et d'appuyer la tendance dominante de l'époque. En termes pratiques ca voulait dire appuyer le nazisme et d'autres fascismes.
Pour Benda, les clercs qui étaient partisans des fascisme trahissait les trois devoirs d'intellectuel qui étaient:
-1- de reconnaitre que la vérité était statique et n'évoluait pas
-2- d'être désintéressés
-3- d'être rationnels

Pourtant les intellectuels communistes et croyaient que chaque époque avait sa propre vérité. Au lieu d'être désintéressés, ils étaient engage dans la lutte politique. Ils étaient des mystiques dans le sens qu'ils croyaient qu'ils devaient appuyer les valeurs de leur époque.
Benda trouvait déplorables les valeurs des fascistes qui promouvaient la culte de violence, l'antisémitisme, le nationalisme, l'état monolithe, l'immuabilité des classes et le mythe d'un passé meilleur que l'on devait restaurer.
Benda était aussi de l'avis que les église chrétiens qui appuyaient le fascisme trahissaient le christianisme qui était contre la violence et le nationalisme. Il a même cité l'apôtre St. Paul: "' Il n' y a ni Grec, ni Juif, ni Scythe, mais Christ est en toutes choses.'" (p. 79)
Benda présente bien sa thèse. L'intérêt qu'il suscite chez les anglais et les américains est bien mérité. Il mérite un plus grand public chez les francophones.
Profile Image for Bassam Ahmed.
380 reviews62 followers
February 18, 2021
الكتاب الأبرز للفيلسوف والروائي الفرنسي جوليان بيندا والذي كان قد صدر في سنة 1927 بعنوان "La Trahison des Clercs" وقد نقله إلى العربية بترجمة جيدة، المترجم محمد صابر بعنوان خيانة المثقفين.

يقدم بيندا نقدا لاذاعا للمشهد الثقافي في عصره (النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين) ولمثقفيه على وجه الخصوص من فلاسفة وأدباء وشعراء ورجال دين، الذين وبحسب رأيه نكصوا عن تأدية واجبهم السامي المتمثل في كونهم منارة لنشر وترسيخ القيم الأخلاقية والروحانية العابرة للحدود والأمم، والتي تشكل قمة مراحل السمو الإنساني كما تمثلها سقراط القائل "لا يجوز أن يقدم شيء على العدل" والمسيح ورواد عصر التنوير الأوروبي وغيرهم، وإنخرطوا في واقعية المشهد السياسي المادي بكافة سلبياته من صراعات أممية، عرقية وطبقية حيث قدسوا مبدأ النفعية المادية والتوحش في إخضاع الطبيعة والإنسان الأضعف لإرادة الإنسان/الأمة الأقوى.

كما ميز في نقده بين مذهب دعاة الفلسفة الواقعية وإرادة القوة بالمطلق كنيتشه وبين من وظف فلسفته وطرحه الثقافي، الفكري والأدبي لخدمة مشروع الهيمنة الأممية السياسية (والأنظمة السياسية القومبة السلطوية) كباريس ودنونزيو وكبلنج وغيرهم، أي من أذكوا العصبية القومية بنسبهم إليها كل مجد فكري وأخلاقي كما مقابل عزو كل الرذائل والإنحطاط للأمم الأخرى/للأغيار فقط لأنهم لا ينتمون لذات الأمة، وليس هذا بغريب على العوام والسياسيين من أصحاب المصالح، ولكن بيندا عد انخراط "المثقفين" في هذا التيار المنحط أو الدنيوي بحسب تعبيره، خيانة لميراث المثقفين السابقين ودورهم في تمثيل القيم السامية مقابل الواقع المادي النفعي البحت، أي عدها خيانة للإنسانية.

ولا يغيب هنا أن نشير بأن تحليل بيندا ونقده لم يخرج عن حدود إطاره الأوروبي التاريخي أو المعاصر، في رصده لفترات التنوير (الحضارة اليونانية- الرومانية وعصر التنوير الأوروبي) والمراحل المظلمة التي امتدت برأيه لاثنا عشر قرنا ورجعت بدفق أقوى للساحة الأوروبية في عصره، كما عزا بيندا التغيير الكبير في توجه المثقفين إلى النتاج الثقافي الألماني وأبرز مثقفيه كهيجل وفيخته، الذين أعلوا من قيمة الدولة القومية على حساب القيمة الإنسانية الروحية، التيار ��لذي أدى في النهاية بحسب رأيه الى "قومنة" أوروبا وإلى تكون الدولة النازية الألمانية والفاشية الإيطالية، ومذهب معاداة السامية، غير أنه لم يغفل نقد المشهد الثقافي الفرنسي الذي بحسب رأيه لم يختلف في سوءه وعنصريته عن باقي المشهد الألماني أو الايطالي، رغم أن القارئ قد يستشعر من السياق انحياز بيندا الغير مباشر لبلده ودفاعه المبطن عنها، غير أن ذلك لا يقلل من أهمية ومصداقية نقده وتشخيصه للمشهد الثقافي الأوروبي، رغم أنني أري أن سياقات تقديس المادية الواقعية كان لها جذور في فكر فلاسفة القرنين السادس والسابع عشر، كالفيلسوف الإنجليزي هوبز وقد يكون في مؤلفه الليفيثاين ما يدل على ذلك.

مآخذي على الكتاب أحصرها في نقطين اثنتين؛ الأولى هي أن مقدمة محمد شعبان التي جاءت في ما يزيد عن الستين صفحة (والتي كانت في حقيقتها مراجعة للكتاب ونقد وتعقيب على محتواه)، كان من الأفضل برأيي أن تأتي في ختام الكتاب، لكي لا تحد أو توجه منظور القارئ في مقاربته لمحتوى الكتاب، رغم قيمتها، والثانية هي حصر المشهد الثقافي الانساني في جغرافية وتاريخ أوروبا، رغم أن موضوع الطرح في جوهره يتجاوزها كما يتجاوز العلاقات الثنائية والمتعددة بين أطرافها، الأمر الذي قد يؤثر على قراءة المرحلة التاريخية، وتحديد ماهية وتاريخ التحضر والتنوير إذا ما أخذنا بعين الاعتبار علاقة أمم أوروبا بباقي أمم العالم، ورؤية مثقيفيها لمحددات هذه العلاقة وإنسانية/عدم إنسانية الآخر الغير أوروبي.

من الأهمية بمكان الاطلاع على تشخيص بيندا لطبيعة المشهد الثقافي في بداية القرن العشرين، والذي جعله يتنبأ في سنة 1927 بوقوع الحرب العالمية الثانية، (قبل عشر سنوات من وقوعها فعليا) بقوله: "لو أننا سألنا أنفسنا مذا سيحدث للانسانية اذا تدافعت تلك الأمم بقوة أكبر للتفاخر بمصالحها، ودفعت فلاسفتها الأخلاقيين الى إعلان أن البلاد لا تعرف إلا قانون المصالح - ستجد أي طفل يستطيع أن يجيبك عن هذا السؤال؛ إن تلك الإنسانية تقود أكبر حرب في التاريخ سواء كانت حربا بين الدول أو حربا طبقية"، لفهم واقعنا المعاش، واقع الإمبريالية الغربية المهيمنة، ووريث فكر أوروبا القومي في شكله المجرد المتمثل في الكيان الصهيوني المحتل وبالتالي التعرف على مرجعيته الثقافية والاصل الأيديولوجي وراء ممارساته الإرهابية العنصرية.

كما يجدر بنا الانتباه إلى واقعنا الثقافي والإجتماعي، حيث أدى إستدعاء الواقعية النفعية وأنموذج الوطنية الشوفيني وتقديسهما من قبل السلطات، العوام وأنصاف المثقفين الذين يدورون في أفلاكها، في مجتمعات حديثة التكوين (لم تتدرج في عملية بناء الوعي ومعرفة الذات ولم تنضج بعد، ناهيك عن القطع المفتعل مع سياق التطور الانساني المحلي)، إلى تكون كيانات متشرذمة تابعة للهيمنة الغربية من موقع دوني -ايمانا منها بتفوق الغرب الحضاري وهو جزء من ضريبة التبعية الثقافية - مقابل شعور وهمي غير مبرر بتضخم الذات تجاه الآخر العربي/الشرقي، مما ركز ورسخ العدوانية تجاه الند الإقليمي (الصراع الوطني) أو النظير المحلي (الصراع الطبقي) أي عدوانية الدولة تجاه دولة مجاورة والعكس أو عدوانية السلطة تجاه الشعب والعكس.
الكتاب غني بمحتواه وعلى درجة كبيرة من الأهمية، أنصح به.

اقتباسات من الكتاب:

"أن الفرد يمنح الجماعة التي يعد نفسه عضوا فيها روحانية وقداسة دينية، ولكن هي في حقيقتها تقديس لمشاعره الخاصة، وليس تعزيزا لقوتها."

"إن الميزة العظمى التي وجدناها في المشاعر السياسية، وأقصد تقديس واقعيتها، هي أنها معترف بها اعترافا صريحا ببساطة لم نشهدها من قبل، فالدولة والوطن والطبقات هي آلهة مباشرة؛ وربما نقول إنها تمثل بالنسبة الى الكثيرين (والبعض يفتخر بذلك) آلهة بمفردها "

"ولكننا في هذه الأيام لم نر إلا مفكرين، أو من أدعوا أنهم أصحاب فكر، يعلنون صراحة أن وطنيتهم لن تخضع لأي حكم أو مراقبة، وأعلنوا أيضا أن 《الدولة إذا أخطأت فيجب علينا أن نراها على صواب》، كذلك ألصقوا تهمة 《خيانة الوطن》 بأبنائه الذين يدافعون عن حرية العقل، أو على الأقل يمارسون حرية التعبير عندما يتحدثون عن وطنهم."

"إيمانا منهم بأن قوة الدولة تقوم على السلطة، فقد دافع هؤلاء "المثقفون" عن الأنظمة الإستبدادية والحكومات الدكتاتورية وأهداف الدولة والأديان التي تدعو إلى الخضوع للسلطة، ولكن لم يرفضوا كل المؤسسات التي تدعوا إلى الحرية والتعبير (بالقدر الكافي لهم)."

"ويرى سقراط أن النموذج المثالي ل "المثقف" المخلص لواجبه الحقيقي هو الذي ينظر الى التوسعات والموانئ ومستودعات الأسلحة وبناء الأسوار على أنها "رعونة"، وأن التسامح والعدالة هما من الأمور التي تستحق الإهتمام والجدية."

"وأنصار الواقعية الحديثة هم دعاة أخلاقيات الواقعية؛ يرون أن من الأسباب التي تجعل الدولة قوية هي أنها تتظاهر بسمات الأخلاقية لأنهم هم من يفعلون ذلك لا شك، وهذا هو السبب الذي يتحدثون عنه؛ فأعمال الشر التي تخدم السياسة والسياسيين تصبح حينها أعمالا للخير لا للشر."

"أن الإنسان حتى وقتنا هذا قد سمع بنوعين من التعاليم التي تخص العلاقة بين السياسة والأخلاق، أحدهما من أفلاطون الذي قال: 《الأخلاق هي التي تحدد السياسة》؛ والنوع الثاني الذي أقره مكيافيلي قائلا: 《السياسة لا علاقة لها بالأخلاق》، أما اليوم فنجد النوع الثالث في قول موراس: 《السياسة هي التي تحدد الأخلاق》."

" لقد أبتلي عصرنا هذا بأفكار كهنوتية تقول بأن النزعة الوطنية هي شكل من أشكال الفكر الجديرة بالثناء، وأن الفكر المستقل شيء تافه، وبديهي أن الجماعة التي تسعى للدولة القوية لا حاجة له للإنسان الذي يطالب بأن يفكر لذاته."
"ثم يعلمون الناس أن قبول خطأ نافع لهم 《الخرافة》 يضمن لهم الإحترام، في حين أن قبول الحقيقة يمثل العار والخزي."

"ولا جرم أن هذا التفسير لا يطبق على المثقف الصادق الذي يخضع لقوانين دولته دون أن يسمح لها بأن تمس مبادئه."

"وهنا يظهر عامل آخر؛ وهو رغبة الكاتب العملي (النفعي) في إرضاء البرجوازيين الذين يصنعون له الشهرة وهم مصدر الإحترام له، وربما يقال إن هذا النوع من الكتاب زاد الحاجة للتعامل مع اتجاهات تلك الطبقة بإذعان وخضوع عن ذي قبل إذا حكمت على مصير هؤلاء الذين تجرؤوا على مجابهتهم في السنوات الأخيرة، ....، أما اليوم فالطبقة البرجوازية التي يقلقها تقدم الطبقة المعارضة فلا تهتم إلا بالحفاظ على الإمتيازات المتبقية لهم ولا يكنون في صدورهم إلا الكراهية تجاه المذهب الليبرالي؛ والأديب الذي يرفع راية السياسة مضطر إلى أن يشير براية 《النظام》 إذا أراد أن يحصل على إمتيازات."

"ومن هنا فطن الأدباء عام 1890 -تقريبا- خاصة في فرنسا وإيطاليا إلى أن عقائد السلطات الإستبدادية والأنظمة والتقاليد ونبذ روح الحرية والموافقة على أخلاقيات الحروب والعبودية، كانت فرصا لاتخاذ مواقف صارمة وقوية دون حدود للتأثير على العقول الساذجة بدلا من عاطفة الليبرالية والإنسانية."

"الانسانية التي ظهرت في أوروبا في العصور الوسطى بقيم فرضها 《المثقفون》، كانت أفعالها شرا ولكن كانت تقدس الخير، ويمكن القول أن أوروبا الحديثة، ومثقفيها الذين قالوا بأن الفطرة الواقعية هي الأفضل، يفعلون الشر، بل يمجدونه."

"أن السلام يمكن تحقيقه فقط إذا تغير مفهوم الناس عن أن السعادة هي اقتناء أشياء (لا يمكن تقاسمها)، كذلك إذا إرتقوا بأنفسهم إلى نقطة يعلون فيها على الغطرسة، بمعنى آخر، يتحقق السلام بتحسين أخلاق البشر."

"هوس الحياد، كأي هوس، يميل دائما إلى الظلم."
129 reviews4 followers
March 3, 2007
one of the most prophetic secular books ever.
Profile Image for Paul Gosselin.
Author 3 books9 followers
December 16, 2020
Pour actualiser le texte de Benda, remplacez le mot clercs que Benda utilise par intellectuels ou journalistes, si ce n'est technocrates... Ça cogne plus fort... Dans la la Préface à l’édition de 1946, Benda explique ce que c’est l’État totalitaire:
« où, par définition, la notion de personne et a fortiori de droits de la personne disparaît, l’Etat dont l’âme est cette maxime qu’on pouvait lire sur tous les établissements nazistes : Du bist nichts, dein Volk ist alles, et leur mépris pour l’Etat conçu comme un ensemble de personnes distinctes, revêtues d’un caractère sacré en tant que personnes. »

Et à cette page, une note de bas de page il pousse plus loin son explication de ce que c'est l'État totalitaire
« On peut encore l’appeler totalitaire (le mot est loin d’être univoque) en ce qu’il exige que la totalité de l’homme lui appartienne, alors que l’État démocratique admet que le citoyen, une fois qu’il a satisfait aux obligations de l’impôt et du sang, connaisse la libre disposition d’une grande partie de lui-même dès qu’il n’use pas de cette liberté pour le détruire : éducation de ses enfants, choix de son culte religieux, droit d’adhérer à des groupes philosophiques, voire politiques, non conformistes. Cette liberté laissée à l’individu est d’ailleurs un grand élément de faiblesse pour l’État démocratique ; mais celui-ci, encore une fois, n’a pour idéal d’être fort. Les systèmes totalitaires ne sont d’ailleurs pas nouveaux. « A Sparte, dit Plutarque, on ne laissait à personne la liberté de vivre à son gré ; la ville était comme un camp où l’on menait le genre de vie imposé par la loi. » (Vie de Lycurgue.) Chose naturelle dans un État où les citoyens étaient, dit Aristote (Politique, II, 7), « comme une armée permanente en pays conquis ». L’exemple de Sparte montre une fois de plus combien l’idée d’ordre est liée à l’idée de guerre. »

Assez hallucinant de voir qu’on est VRAIMENT rendu là... Et je poursuis ma lecture de Julien Benda et ça “fesse dans le dash” comme on dit au Québec... Si ce livre date de 1926, la citation est tiré de la Préface à l’édition de 1946.
Je marquerai enfin dans le même ordre une idée dont on peut dire qu’elle est honorée, du moins implicitement, par tous les clercs de l’heure présente, lesquels montrent ainsi – maint d’entre eux, c’est le plus grave, sans s’en douter – leur trahison à leur fonction ; je veux parler de l’idée d’organisation. Cette idée est portée au sommet des valeurs par les docteurs fascistes, communistes, monarchistes comme par les démocrates, ceux-ci, là encore, étant battus d’avance lorsqu’ils prétendent la soutenir au nom de leurs principes, vu que leurs principes en sont la négation. Elle est, en effet, fondée sur la suppression de la liberté individuelle, comme l’a nettement articulé son inventeur déclarant (ce qui me semble indéniable) que la liberté est une valeur toute négative avec laquelle on ne construit rien, ou encore un de ses grands adeptes, par une franchise qu’on ne trouve pas chez tous ses confrères, quand il [Hitler] écrit : « Le dogme de la liberté individuelle ne pèsera pas un fétu le jour où nous organiserons vraiment l’Etat. » [Mein Kampf, p. 91, trad. française.]

Et plus loin dans ce livre (chap III) Benda réfléchi au courant fasciste (idéologie politique matérialiste et amorale) TRES puissant dans l’Occident entre les deux guerres et la glorification de la FORCE politique qui accompagnait cette idéologie.
Ce réalisme, les clercs modernes l’ont prêché non seulement aux nations, mais aux classes. À la classe ouvrière comme à la classe bourgeoise ils ont dit : organisez-vous, devenez les plus forts, emparez-vous du pouvoir ou efforcez-vous de le garder si vous l’avez déjà ; moquez-vous de faire régner dans vos rapports avec la classe adverse plus de charité, plus de justice ou autre « blague » dont on vous berne depuis assez longtemps. Et là encore, ils n’ont pas dit : devenez tels parce qu’ainsi le veut la nécessité : ils ont dit (c’est tout le nouveau) : devenez tels parce qu’ainsi l’exige la morale, l’esthétique ; se vouloir fort est le signe d’une âme élevée, se vouloir juste la marque d’une âme basse. C’est l’enseignement de Nietzsche de Sorel, applaudis par toute une Europe dite pensante ; c’est l’enthousiasme de cette Europe, dans la mesure où le socialisme l’attire, pour la doctrine de Marx, son mépris pour celle de Proudhon. — Et les clercs ont tenu le même langage aux partis qui se combattent dans l’intérieur d’une même nation : devenez le plus fort, ont-ils dit à l’un ou à l’autre selon leur passion, et supprimez tout ce qui vous gêne ; affranchissez-vous de la sottise qui vous invite à faire sa part à l’adversaire, à établir avec lui un régime de justice et d’harmonie. On sait l’admiration de toute une armée de « penseurs » de tous pays pour le gouvernement italien qui met simplement hors la loi tous ses concitoyens qui ne l’approuvent pas. Jusqu’à nos jours, les éducateurs de l’âme humaine, disciples d’Aristote, conviaient l’homme à flétrir un État qui serait une faction organisée ; les élèves de MM. Mussolini et Maurras apprennent à révérer un tel État .

Et si Benda a raison de faire le lien entre cette glorification de la FORCE politique et la pensée de Nietzsche je pense qu’on peut affirmer que Benda ne va pas assez loin dans son affirmation car il fallait ajouter que cette glorification de la FORCE politique c’est avant tout l’enseignement de Darwin. .C’est donc l’application, à la vie politique, du principe darwinien de la lutte pour la survie.. C’est là, la source de cette pensée. Écrivant peu de temps après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Sir Arthur Keith observait au sujet du nazisme, (1947 : 27- 28) :
Le Führer allemand, comme je l’ai toujours maintenu, est un évolutionniste. Il a consciemment tenté de rendre la réalité allemande conforme à la théorie de l’évolution. (…) Pour voir les mesures évolutionnistes et la moralité tribale appliquées vigoureusement aux affaires d’une grande nation moderne, il faut nous tourner de nouveau vers l’Allemagne de 1942. Nous y voyons Hitler absolument convaincu que l’évolution produit le seul fondement pour la politique nationale. (…) Les moyens qu’il a adoptés pour parvenir à la destinée [nazie] de sa race et de son peuple ont pris la forme de massacres organisés qui ont éclaboussé de sang toute l’Europe. (…) Une telle conduite est tout à fait immorale, peu importe l’échelle éthique qu’on puisse y appliquer, mais l’Allemagne la légitima comme justifiée par la moralité tribale évolutionniste. L’Allemagne est donc retournée dans un passé tribal et a mis en pratique, aux yeux de tout le monde, les méthodes évolutionnistes dans toute leur férocité.*

Même lorsque tous ses projets grandioses tombaient en ruine, Hitler resta ferme dans ses convictions darwiniennes. Le 18 mars 1945, Albert Speer, alors ministre de l’armement de l’Allemagne, visita Hitler dans son bunker afin de le convaincre de ne pas détruire les infrastructures de l’Allemagne dans un dernier effort de guerre total. Hitler fit les commentaires impitoyables qui suivent (Speer 1970 : 440) :
Si la guerre est perdue, le peuple sera perdu aussi. Il n'est pas nécessaire de s'inquiéter de ce que le peuple allemand aura besoin pour sa survie. Au contraire, il est préférable pour nous de détruire même ces choses. Car la nation s'est démontrée la plus faible, et l'avenir appartient uniquement au pays de l’Est plus fort. Dans tous les cas, seulement ceux qui sont inférieurs resteront après cette lutte, car les meilleurs ont déjà été tués.*

Comme aimait l’affirmer le philosophe évangélique Francis Schaeffer: “Ideas have consequences”, c'est-à-dire les idées ont des conséquences. Mais dans la suite du 20e siècle, les évolutionnistes ont lentement pris conscience des conséquences de leur mythe d’origines matérialiste et ont tenté pitoyablement de s’en détourner. Voyez le cas de cet évolutionniste britannique ardent, Richard Dawkins. Au cours d’une interview accordée à la ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), Dawkins s’exprima ainsi au sujet de la question de la moralité (Dawkins 2000):
Il y eut, dans le passé, des tentatives pour fonder une moralité sur l'évolution. Je ne veux pas être associé à ces tentatives d'aucune manière. Il s’agit du genre de monde qu'un darwiniste, référant au concept de la lutte féroce pour la survie maintenant, où les forts dévorent les faibles . Je crois effectivement que la nature implique une lutte féroce pour la survie. Je pense que le comportement animal dans la nature sauvage, dehors, dans les forêts, dans la prairie, est un genre de vie extrêmement impitoyable, extrêmement désagréable, il s'agit précisément du genre de monde que je ne désirerais pas habiter. Et si un programme politique était basé sur le darwinisme, à mon avis ce serait de la mauvaise politique, ce serait immoral. Exprimé en d'autres termes, je dirais que je suis un disciple passionné de Darwin quant à la science, mais lorsque vient le moment d'expliquer le monde [humain], je suis un antidarwinien passionné à l'égard de la moralité et de la politique


Références
DAWKINS, Richard (2000) The Descent of Man (Episode 1: The Moral Animal) (une série d'émissions de radio diffusés en janv. et février 2000 à la Australian Broadcasting Corporation, produit par Tom Morton)
http://www.abc.net.au/science/descent...

KEITH, Sir Arthur (1947) Evolution And Ethics. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York
http://www.bearfabrique.org/Evolution...

SPEER, Albert (1970) Inside The Third Reich: Memoirs. Macmillan New York 596 p.
Profile Image for Rachel.
1,465 reviews126 followers
April 21, 2019
This book is AMAZING. I read it because it was mentioned - as Traison de clercs, and I mean, how could you not pause on a title that awesome - in Said's 'Orientalism', which I am reading alongside (and after) this. This is a 'short' (in terms of wordcount, not metaphysical heft) treatise written in the late 1920s about the rise of nationalism. And we all know how well that worked out for Europe ten years later.

His hypothesis is that the reason this happened is that the 'clerks' (which is how he denominates the intelligentsia) abdicated their elevated position as universal contemplaters of higher, spiritual things. Instead, they descended to the petty squabbles between nations and lent their not-insignificant theoretical might to the fight. While I'm not sure the argument fully holds (he himself gives examples of where this has happened in history before), it holds enough to make for a compelling - and frightening - read.

Finkielkraut: “He has forgotten that liberty involves more than the ability to change one’s chains, and that culture itself is more than a satiated whim.”

the individual bestows a mystic personality on the association of which he feels himself a member, and gives it a religious adoration, which is simply the deification of his own passion, and no small stimulus to its intensity.

Hmm that sounds familiar ... Democrats V Republicans, anyone?

We all know that hatred becomes stronger by becoming more precise.

Neo-Nazis, anti-immigrants, let's build a wall?

When the national feeling was practically confined to Kings or their Ministers, it consisted chiefly in attachment to some interest (desire for territorial expansion, search for commercial advantages and profitable alliances), whereas today when this national feeling is continually experienced by common minds, it consists chiefly in the exercise of pride.

This is interesting, although where exactly the 'interest' shades into 'pride' and back out again is unclear.

The prophecy of the old Saxon bard is completely fulfilled: “In those days countries will be something they have not yet become – they will be persons. They will feel hatred, and these hatreds will cause wars more terrible than any that have yet been seen.”

Well whoever that bard is was totally right.

The notion that political warfare involves a war of cultures is entirely an invention of modern times, and confers upon them a conspicuous place in the moral history of humanity.

I find this the most fascinating insight of all, brought up as I am in a society where what is national is prized and what is the invader's is despoiled. Cf: The line from Kate Atkinson's 'A God in Ruins' where Teddy doesn't buy from Bosch because they made bombs (or some other military accessory) that killed English people.

Moreover this increase is reciprocal, and it may be said that today capitalism, anti-semitism and the party of authority have all received new strength from their union with nationalism.

Still holds true.

Our age is indeed the age of the intellectual organisation of political hatreds.

And this one, too.

That is merely the old desire to have Fate on one’s side, but it is put forth in a scientific shape.

HA. Sick burn.

these new clerks declare that they do not know what is meant by justice, truth, and other ‘metaphysical fogs’, that for them the true is determined by the useful, the just by circumstances.

It's scary to me that I never questioned this myself.

And here we come upon one of the great impieties of the moderns: the refusal to believe that above their nations there exists a development of a superior kind, by which they will be swept away like all other things.

Again, nail on head.

Modern equalitarians, by failing to understand that there can be no equality except in the abstract and that inequality is the essence of the concrete

He keeps coming back to the danger of focusing exclusively on 'the real', and I think what he means is: if you only think about what is, you never consider what could be.

Convinced that the strength of the State depends upon authority, they defend autocratic systems, arbitrary government, the reason of State, the religions which teach blind submission to authority, and they cannot sufficiently denounce all institutions based on liberty and discussion.

This is like Trump's mission statement.

It is certainly something new to see men of thought preaching the abasement of the toga before the sword

Agreed.

As if the desires which have not been realised were not as important, and perhaps more important, if you reflect that they may quite well come to fill the world’s stage now.

Eg, Neo-Nazis.

the nature of moral action is precisely that it creates its object by affirming it.

As I said above: what might be.

The Stoics claimed that pain is abolished if it is denied; the thing is disputable in the matter of pain, but it is absolutely true in the matter of moral perfectibility.

YES, I love this - all the nihilism eats itself.

Renan’s prophecy is verified: he foretold the inevitable degradation of a society where every member was forced to discharge worldly tasks

I bet Benda would just love zero-hour contracts.

The love between men can only be created by developing in them the sensibility for abstract man, and by combating in them the interest for concrete man

Interesting.

It [peace] will not be the abstaining from an act, but the coming of a state of mind. In this sense the most insignificant writer can serve peace where the most powerful tribunals can do nothing.

I love this; it encapsulates something I have long thought but could not accurately state, until I read it.

It is hard to imagine the nations sincerely striving not to feel conscious of themselves as distinct from others, or if they do so, having any other motive than that of concentrating inter-human hatred into that of class. […] Nevertheless, one things of a humanity of the future, weary of its ‘sacred egotisms’ and the slaughterings to which they inevitably lead. […] One may even doubt whether war will become so terrible as to discourage those who love it, the more so since they are not always the men who have to fight.

If only.

history has lasted too short a time for us to be able to deduce laws for it to enable us to infer the future from the past

His point: Marx can only give one example of successful class war. Most things have only happened once or twice. Leading to Benda's main fear: that the situation he describes is the inevitable one and intellect triumphing is the anomaly.

Only through an amazing abuse were a handful of men at desks able to succeed in making humanity believe that the supreme values are the good things of the spirit.

Their punishment is that their antithesis still resembles them; and that is what happened to Nietzsche.

And Peterson?

It is to be noted that the dogma that history is obedient to scientific laws is preached especially by partisans of arbitrary authority. […] it eliminates the two realities they most hate, ie human liberty and the historical action of the individual.

Accurate!

He ends his notes with a quote I love:

Spinoza: “for the perfection of things should be measured by their nature alone, and things are not more or less perfect because they flatter or wound our senses.”

And this comes just before it:

Proust: “Why take this peremptory attitude towards other countries in such matters as literature, where man reigns only by persuasion?”

A very, very important and valuable work. This should be read everywhere!
22 reviews
October 11, 2024
Written in 1928, it offers commentary on what Julien Benda feels is a shift in intellectual attitudes beginning in the late 19th century and progressing through to his time of writing. The central critique is quite easily stated: the European "intellectual class" has become increasingly steeped in passions ordinarily maintained by sensationalists populist expressions. This transition marks a departure from the previous environment where intellectuals honed an ambivalence to populist frenzies, preferring to meditate and contemplate on universal themes and questions. The previous intellectuals sourced their work from a classical education and well established modes of inquiry that came to define the Enlightenment. In contrast to present attitudes, this traditional project maintains that the particulars of society are mostly unimportant and should be of no interest, and the most important thing ought to be the pursuit of a description of the most universal elements of the human condition. Therefore, akin to a scribe, the intellectual should maintain a cooled detachment from that which he observers. His loyalties are first and last to eternal, universal truths.

One of the primary examples for the changes, which Benda frequently refers to is Nietzsche, who in characteristic style bombastically wrote that "God is dead", delved into the philosophy of the particulars and the contests of power which ultimately determine outcomes. It became less important to discuss what "ought" to be when what "is", and the prevailing description is that "what is" is merely the result of social power structures vying for dominance. These new modes of inquiry cared less about universal principles to ground understanding (and in fact maintain that they are too naive to be useful), and instead argue for a practical understanding that describes the power structures and how to operate effectively within them. Ultimately, it would seem that this movement Brenda highlights would continue to grow and reach its maturity in the late 20th century with the post-modernist movement that is entirely steeped in a philosophy of power and became most strongly associated with Michel Foucault.

In many ways, the growth of the movement Benda mentions strikes me as being similar to the counter to the Socratic movement, the amalgamate sophists (a label I imagine propagated by the Platonists) who's primary aim were the practical benefits of reason. These men frequently formed the opposition to Socratic/Platonic ideals where they leverage skillful skepticism to undermine any system of ethics. They took everything as being flexible and applied their skills of rhetoric to persuade for the more desirable outcome. That is, the sophist begins from the current state and argues for the more beneficial, where what is beneficial is merely a function of what is most persuadable or desirable. This goes a long way to describe the fractured intellectual landscape Benda describes, where the current intellectuals accept their particulars (nationality, class, religion, political ideology, etc.) as given and inject them into their calculus and ideologizing for achieving their desired aims. Again, Benda argues that these activities were reserved to populist activities and were not considered serious by the intellectual community who among one of its primary aims was to cull these populist passions. However, the lack of consensus on what is considered a legitimate intellectual activity reflects the fracture, which Benda coins as treasonous, for in addition to courting these passions they do more than ever has been done to enflame them:

"Our age is indeed the age of the *intellectual organization of political hatreds.* It will be one of its chief claims to notice in the moral history of humanity. Ever since these systems have been in existence, they have consisted in establishing for each passion that it is the agent of good in the world and that its enemy is the genius of evil. But today these passions desire to establish this not only politically, but morally, intellectually and esthetically. Antisemitism, Pangermism, French Monarchism, Socialism are not only political manifestations; they defend particular form of morality, of intelligence, of sensibility, of literature, of philosophy and of artistic conceptions."


Having said this, he quite powerfully forecasts the dangers of these activities and their role in enflaming a second world war. The following is another excerpt that illustrates the general charge:

" We have just seen that the modern moralists extol the warrior at the expense of the man of justice. They also extol him at the expense of the man of learning and, there again, they preach to the world the cult of practical activity in defiance of the disinterested life. We all know Nietzsche's hue and cry against the man of the study, the man of erudition, "the mirror man," whose only passion is to understand. And also Nietzsche's esteem for the life of the mind solely insofar as it is emotion, lyricism, action, partiality; his derisive laughter at "objective" methodical research devoted to "the horrible old woman known as truth." And we know Sorel's denunciations of societies which 'give a privileged place to the amateurs of purely intellectual things (those of Barrès, Lemaitre, Brunetière, thirty years ago, intimating to the "intellectuals" that they are a type of humanity "inferior to the soldier"; those of Pèguy, who admires philosophies to the extent that "they are good fighters," and admires Descartes because he was in the army, and the dialecticians of French monarchism solely because they are ready to be killed for the sake of their views. I shall be told that most often this is the mere wild talk of men of letters, the posturing of lyricists, to which it is unjust to attribute a dogmatic meaning; that Nietzsche, Barrès and Pèguy denounce the life of study on account of their poetic temperaments, their aversion from everything lacking in picturesqueness and the spirit of adventure, and not their resolution to abase disinterestedness. To which i reply that these poets give themselves out as serious thinkers (notice their tone, quite free from naiveté); that the immense majority of their readers accept them as such; that, even if it were true that in depreciating the man of study their motive is not to abase disinterestedness, it is none the less true in fact that the manner of living they hold up to the laughter of mankind happens to be the very type of the disinterested life, while the life they extol at its expense is the very type of practical activity (at least more practical than that of the man of study, for it will be admitted that the activity of du Guesclin and Napoleon is more likely to acquire material advantages than the activity of Spinoza and Mabillon); that, moreover, what these thinkers despise in the man of study is precisely the man who lays no foundations, who does not conquer, who does not predicate the capture of its environment by the species, or who, if he does predicate it, as the scientist does by his discoveries, retains for himself only the joy of knowledge and abandons the practical exploitation of his discoveries to others. In Nietzsche, the scorn for the man of study to the benefit of the warrior is only an episode in a desire which nobody will deny inspires the whole of his work as well as the work of Sorel, Barrès and Péguy: The desire to abase the values of knowledge before the values of action. "


Having said this, it is less mysterious why the post-modernists fail to form a cohesive framework or ideology. They inherited a fractured landscape and their work reflects the centrally deconstructionist' project localized to the writer's milieu. As a result of topics being the result of whatever happens to be of interest to the writer, often the targets of deconstruction are no professionally developed ideologies, but rather, emergent dominant ones. Their aims were necessarily more practical and motivated by the degree of their practicality. This shift in sentiment lies squarely within Benda's ire, since he repeatedly emphasizes that the practical isn't a valid intellectual activity alone. He writes, "I mean that teaching according to which intellectual activity is worthy of esteem to the extent that it is practical and to that extent alone. "

Benda's claim to have localized a shift is quite surprising as I would have imagined that these counter intellectual activities have always persisted, and certainly in modern times, the intellectual activity Benda cites has long been part of the "intellectual" process. Validating his claim of a shift would be quite difficult, though Benda does spend some time explaining the motives for the transition, as he sees them. I am unfortunately too unfamiliar with those he references (Nietzsche, Sorel, Barres, Peguy, Bourget, Bergson, Claudel, Schelling, etc. ) as evidence. What I am then left with is trying to scavenge a structural argument for why intellectual activity became so fractured. One would like to think that the value of pursuing truth is self-evident, that the reason for a more unified traditional approach was a testament to the truth unearthed. However, while this is likely true on sufficiently long time scales, on those in which a civilizations power dynamics change, this is likely not the case.

A shift in attitude emphasizing practical gain can indeed be beguiling, but Benda argues that these benefits are shallow rewards; he uses the example of Socrates responding to the realist in Georgias to counter the merits of the fruits of practical aims:

"In the persons of Themistocles, Cimon and Pericles, you praise men who made their fellow citizens good cheer, by serving them with everything they desired without caring to teach them what is good an right in food. They have enlarged the State, cry the Athenians, but they do not see that this enlargement is nothing but a swelling, a tumour filled with corruption. This is all that the city with ports, arsenals, walls, tributes, and the like follies, and by not adding Temperance and Justice."


So, in addition to the pursuit of the practical, other reasons he gives for the shift is that the modern states haven't been set up to allow intellectuals to be exempt from civic, non-practical duties. Further, for those particularly influential intellectuals, fame bestows plenty of incentives which intermingles the populist passions (or bourgeoise passions) with those of the intellectual class. As the set of people impassioned by a pursuit of truth and also of personal gain is far larger than those whose passions for truth are coupled with strict discipline of a scribe pursuing eternal fruits, the shifts in the social environments is likely merely reflecting this central feature.

Also, there is likely an even larger reason which can account for the shift in intellectual attitudes and their environments. With the industrial revolution, we saw a dramatic weaponizing of scientific learning where the practical benefits of research could secure one's national superiority. In the previous era, all manner of philosophizing and intellectual activities reaped little practical benefits to the nations or states to which they belonged. A state had little reason to incentive the production of an intellectual class, and those, who managed to contribute, did so often through means entirely divorced from the functions of the state. However, certainly after the WW1 where industrial might and the machines of sciences dictated quite strongly the position of nation-states, the weaponizing of intellectual activity seemed inescapable. Therefore, intellectuals could no longer easily sit on the sidelines, if they did, it had to be because of a deliberate choice (again, these set of men would have been a minority to the set otherwise incentivized to pursue the fruits of truth). Fast forward a century to our modern times and it remains the case that time is the best measure of truth, and only those that are universally applicable will remain relevant to social environments increasingly short-lived. Emergent global connectedness can certainly foster intellectual attitudes that supersede those of state, but there has been nothing to incentive a scribes commitment to the eternal. It seems that for the foreseeable future, such an attitude will continue to be a minority.

As a final comment on my version with the introduction by Roger Kimball, I can hardly remember a time where an introduction seemed more concerned with hijacking the central work's intentions. Kimball spends the majority of his introduction instead espousing the writings of Finkielkraut, who he posits as the modern continuation of Benda. In his introduction, only the first section (or quarter) of the introduction attempted to summarize Benda's "infamous" work. After completing his brief introduction, Kimball sets his sights on political correctness and multiculturalism that is "endemic" to the West. It seems to me that these political movements are so far removed from the shift in attitudes Benda originally described, that forcing a connection between the two dilutes the essential points Benda makes. I suppose Kimball relies on Finkielkraut's work to make the connection, and if this were an introduction to Finkielkaruts work, this would be more appropriate. As an introduction to Benda's work, Kimball glosses over the Benda's work, almost contributing to the general attitude that it is an infamous book because many know of it, but few have ever read it. Kimball's introduction invites one to do the same rather than establishing the necessity of understanding Benda's work within the context it was written. Modern political ideologies are fractures upon fractures and when Kimball defends "culture" and "tradition", I can hardly say he sincerely does so with deference to Benda's work.
Profile Image for Luke.
8 reviews
October 4, 2024
Benda makes a compelling argument about the decline of intellectuals over the last few centuries. He describes the change of attitude in authors and famous intellectuals from that of an absolutely abstract life - or, as Benda describes, a "disinterested" life - to a life preeminently focused on material issues such as race, class, conquest, or other topics of the material world. In the capacity to which this book poses this argument, it's a good read.

However, Chapter 3 of this book is one incredible long-winded and exasperated polemical argument against Nietzsche and many other thinkers of that era. Benda belabors his points in as many arguments as he can think up, and by the end of that chapter I couldn't help but wish he had taken the time to structure his thoughts more rigorously.

This book is a worthwhile read, but prepare for a long, ranting, meandering read during Chapter 3.
Profile Image for Sylvia.
533 reviews
July 28, 2024
Absolutely worth a second and more read. Benda's thoughts about the role of the 'clercs' is intriguing, because what he remarked between the wars is still valid in our time.
Profile Image for Justin Goodman.
181 reviews11 followers
September 27, 2020
2.5? Probably not?

I'm sympathetic to the sensitivity Benda had to the cultural shift happening in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, and respect the precision he had in partially diagnosing what we would later come to know as fascism. There's even something admirably sad about the scornful indignation that is Benda recounting how the "clercs" - "Intellectuals" - this once noble class of universalist, anti-worldly people have succumbed to the nationalist fervor and "pragmatic" "realism" (favored words for spitting acidly) of the "laymen." I, too, like the idea of Spinoza.

It's unfortunate, then, that Benda seems to be calling for the return of feudalism and patronage systems. Perhaps not literally. He occasionally uses the word democracy, and even decries "the Union of capitalism, anti-semiteism, anti-democracy with nationalism." But it's hard to take these claims seriously from a man who, mourning that "Civilization as I understand it here—moral supremacy conferred on the cult of the spiritual and on the feeling of the universal—appears to me as a lucky accident in man’s development," states that "I observe large portions of the species (the Asiatic world in antiquity, the Germanic world in modern times) who showed themselves incapable of it and quite likely to remain so." I doubt he sees democracy as might be assumed by us. It's also unlikely given that his framework requires an uncrossable divide between these anointed "intellectuals" whose role it is to keep the "laymen's" "practical" passions in check and the "laymen" who's baser urges drive them towards "practical" concerns.

It is prettier language for the eternal conservative ideal: there will always be poor, and they are wrong to wish for more. Unsurprising coming from a man who's rich father left him independently wealthy.

In a remarkable bit of irony he even partly blames the "fall" of the "clerk" class on the end of patronage, claiming that the proclaimed prior dynamic of intellectual guiding the laymen was reversed because the modern intellectuals are driven by careerism. This is an almost complete observation, blocked by a deep hatred of nation states. His headcanon is such that "the true appearance of the 'clerk' coincides with the fall of the Roman Empire" and "the age of the great lovers of spiritual things, the age of Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Galilei, Erasmus, was the age when most of Europe was in a state of chaos and the nations were unknown" (notice the blatant Eurocentrism).

An interesting way of looking at this book is rather as a historical document reflecting how national identity formed alongside nation-states, and the various ways in which this clashed against colonial and imperialist interests. Benda seemed to thoroughly hate the Germans, blaming them for the ideas that contributed to the "fall" of the "clercs" - drawing a line from Hegel/Nietzsche to Sorel/Proudhon (with weirdly little mention of Marx). Was antagonism towards the Germans (and Italians, to a lesser extent) a common sentiment among the French? Was Benda's view typical among the economic elite? Was a feeling that "this attitude [of the "clerks"] also seems to me to result from the decline of the study of classical literature in the formation of their minds" common among the educated elite?

In short - while The Treason of the Intellectuals might be an astute contemporary artifact of the rise of fascism, it is also, fittingly, like many of the documents handed down to us from the Medieval period and prior. It's from someone in a social strata whose artifacts get to be preserved, and so should be understood as aggressively biased towards that way of life. It's not obvious that it offers anything beyond that to someone trying to reflect on the parallels between that time period and ours.
Profile Image for Paul H..
847 reviews390 followers
November 22, 2023
pp. 202-03:

Sometimes one may feel that such an impulse will grow ever stronger, and that in this way inter-human wars will come to an end. In this way humanity would attain 'universal fraternity'. But, far from being the abolition of the national spirit with its appetites and its arrogance, this would simply be its supreme form, the nation being called Man and the enemy God. Thereafter, humanity would be unified in one immense army, one immense factory, would long cease to situate the good outside the real world, would have no God but itself and its desires. And History will smile to think that this is the species for which Socrates and Jesus Christ died.
Profile Image for Baher Soliman.
451 reviews406 followers
January 21, 2022
ربما كانت تجربة الحرب العالمية الأولى ماثلة أمام " جوليان بيندا" وهو يكتب كتابه " خيانة المثقفين" الذي خرج في أواخر عشرينيات القرن الماضي، ليصب هجومه على المثقفين الذين يتخلون يومًا بعد يوم عن ارتباطهم بتقاليد وأعراف المُثل العلمية والفلسفية، فلم تكن النزعة الآرية وصعود النازية وتدجين الكتابات حولهما هو ما يؤرِّق جوليان على الحقيقة فق��، بل ما أحدثته الحرب العالمية الأولى بشكل عام من تصاعد بشع للقوميات، وما نتج عن ذلك من صعود خطابات ثقافية عدائية ذات نزعات قومية ضد الأمم أو القوميات الأخرى.

لقد قام بهذا الخطاب العدائي مجموعة من المثقفين وصفهم جوليان بالخونة، فتعريف الخيانة الذي يقصده المؤلف هو خيانة المثقف لمهمته الإنسانية التي ترتكز على خدمة العقل و الابتعاد عن كل ما هو متصل بالمادية و المصلحة ��لشخصية، فالمثقف وفق توصيف الكتاب “الشخص الذي تحركه قناعاته بمبادئ الحقيقة والعدالة، ورغبته في إدانة الفساد والدفاع عن الضعفاء والمظلومين، وتحدي سلطات القهر والتخلف والفساد، لأنه يعي مسؤوليته إزاء ضميره، وإزاء أمته، وإزاء التاريخ الإنساني" ، ويحدد الكتاب فعل الشر من قِبَل المثقفين وصعود خطابهم العدائي من لحظة صعود ألمانيا، بمعنى ما هو يرى أنَّ الفلاسفة الألمان هم من روَّجوا لهذا الخطاب العدائي، وربما لا يستقيم هذا التحديد؛ إذ التاريخ الأوروبي الحديث قائم على هذا الخطاب العدائي من قبل الفلاسفة الألمان، من لحظة إبادة الهنود الحمر وحرب الأفيون وغيرها.

يوضح جوليان أنَّ سبب هذا الخطاب العدائي القومي الذي انتهجه المثقفون هو إما للحصول على الشهرة والمال وإما للحصول على التقدير، ولا يفرِّق جوليان في ذلك بين روائي ومؤرخ، فالكل ينتهج أسلوب عدائي يسير في ركاب السلطة، فجريمة هؤلاء المثقفون - يرصدها الكتاب- هي وضع أعمالهم في خدمة المشاعر السياسية، فينقد جوليان هذا التوجَّه سواء في صيغته الأدبية التي يظهر فيها الزعماء السياسيون هم أصحاب الفضيلة، إلى أعمال التاريخ التي يُستخدَم فيها التاريخ لخدمة السياسة= كما هدد لويس الرابع عشر بسحب راتب المؤرخ ميزراي إذا أصر على الإشارة إلى عيوب الملكية القديمة.

يرى جوليان أنَّ هؤلاء الذين يتهمهم بالخيانة لرسالتهم في الحياة من المثقفين سيكون ردَّهم على هذه التهمة " نحن خدَّام للدولة الوطنية"، فخطورة المثقف الحديث هنا هو استعماله للمشاعر السياسية بمقتضى الفلسفة أو ما وراء الطبيعة، ومن ثم فإن أبرز علماء الميتافيزيقا يوجِّهون نظرياتهم إلى تمجيد أوطانهم وانتقاد غيرهم من الدول، هذه الأمور التي نراها اليوم وكأنها من أساسيات الدولة الوطنية، يراها جوليان نظرة موغلة في العداء، فمثلًا يرصد كيف جعل فيشته و هيجل من نجاح العرق الألماني نتيجة حتمية وأساسية لتطور البشرية، ويرى أنَّ هذه النزعة لم يتورط فيها المثقفون الفرنسيون أمثال أوغست كونت، ويبدو أنَّ جوليان يتجاوز أشكالًا مختلفة أخرى من خطابات العداء الفرنسية والتقليل من الآخر؛ فجهده كان منصبًا بشكل كبير على نقد التمايزات القومية، فتدهور حال المثقف عند جوليان يرجع إلى مركزية الدولة الوطنية وصعود نبرتها العرقية في المقام الأول.

يدخل جوليان في سجال مع مفكري جيله من أمثال موريس باريس وشارل مورّا وغابرييلي دانونزيو وجورج سوريل، واضعًا الفاشيين والماركسيين في سلة واحدة، إنَّ هذا السجال لا يصلح لبيان خيانة المثقفين في النسق الأوروبي فقط كما أراده جوليان، بل يُمكن سحبه للنسق العربي حيث مثقفين في ركاب العسكر والسلطات ما بعد الربيع العربي، فطالما وُجد في العالم ثنائيات الشهرة والثروة في مقابل الحقيقة والعدالة من جانب آخر=ظهرت هذه الثنائيات كقيم متنافسة، فكلما تمسَّك المثقف بإحداهما قل تمسكه بالأخرى كما يقول نعوم تشومسكي، وهذه هي أزمة المثقف في الأنظمة الشمولية حيث المركزية البشعة و العصبية الوطنية وهيمنة العسكر وتأليه الحكام، وهذا هو عالم المادية الذي كشف بشاعته جوليان في الجانب الألماني، لكن الحقيقة أنه انتشر في كل أوروبا بعدما أصبحت فلسفة التنوير غطاءً لكل أنواع العدوان الذي مارسه باسمها الغرب الإمبريالي.

إنَّ مما يحيِّر القارىء هنا كيف رأى جوليان بيندا جرائم المفكرين الألمان ولم ير جرائم غيرهم من مفكري الإنجليز وساساتهم، لقد استعمل بيندا مقولة الفيلسوف الفرنسي تشارلز رينوفير الذي عاش في القرن التاسع عشر حين قال " يُعاني العالم دائمًا من تكذيبه للحقيقة المجردة"، فهل كان بيندا نفسه أحد هؤلاء الذين لم يروا الحقيقة كاملة! على كل حال روعة بيندا هنا أنّه نقد تقديس كل ما هو قومي، ونقد المثقفين الذين نشروا هذه الأفكار في مجال الفكر أكثر من مجال السياسة، وقد تميزت هذه الدعوة بالرجماتية كما يقول الكتاب، وبالتالي يضع تفسيرًا لتمجيد المثقفين للحياة العسكرية، وظهور المثقف المعاصر كأسير لمذهب الواقعية محمَّلًا بمفاهيم عن الفخر والشجاعة ذات تأويلات براجماتية، والحقيقة أنَّ جوليتان لا يرفض نشر مفهومي الفخر والشجاعة بين الناس، إنما يرفض تأويلات مثقفي السلطة لهما، وقس على ذلك عقيدة النجاح والإشادة بالقسوة وفق التأويل البرجماتي.

لاشك بأنَّ هذا الكتاب من الكتب الرائعة، حيث لا يكشف خيانة المثقفين كتيمة ثابتة لمثقف العصر الحديث تحت مقصلة الدولة الحديثة فقط، ولكن يوضِّح بشكل كبير السياق الفكري -الذي نحياه غربًا وشرقًا- لصعود هذه الظاهرة حيث أناس يجتمعون في تيه من عقولهم يسعون لتأسيس أمم قومية، ثم يسعون للاستيلاء على مقدرات غيرهم، لا بتسخير الآلة العسكرية الرهيبة فقط، ولكن بتدجين كتيبة من المثقفين لا يبالون بمفهوم الأممية= كما في هجوم مثقفي العرب على التاريخ العثماني في بلادنا على سبيل المثال. إنَّ جوليان كتب كتابه هذا قبل أن تظهر الحرب الثقافية الباردة بين الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفيتي بعشرين سنة تقريبًا، ولم ير كيف حوَّلت مخابرات تلك الدول الفنانين والمؤرخين والروائين إلى مجرد أدوات للقمع والتدجين الناعم لعقول الشعوب، أعتقد لو كان قد كُتب هذا الكتاب في خضم هذه الحرب الباردة لكان الكتاب أشدَّ ألمًا ومرارة على ما به من مرارة.

بقي الإشارة إلى مقدِّمة الأستاذ "محمد شعبان صوان" التي قاربت الخمسين صفحة، وهي مقدِّمة رائعة شاملة، لم تتوقف عند حد عرض أفكار الكتاب فقط، بل تجاوزت ذلك إلى آفاق الشرح والتحليل للواقع الثقافي العربي، وكذا أشيد بترجمة الأستاذ "محمد صابر" للكتاب التي جاءت رشيقة وممتعة، وكنت أتمنى تدخُّل المترجم بوضع هوامش تعريفيَّة لبعض المفكريين الفرنسيين على وجه الخصوص الذين جاء ذكرهم وغير معروفين للقارىء العربي حتى تكتمل فائدة الكتاب.
Profile Image for Raimo Wirkkala.
690 reviews2 followers
June 22, 2016
Fight through the dated references to what was then recent history and the even-more-voluminous references to French writers/philosophers, and the reader will be rewarded with the realization that the author managed the very important task of writing a book that has proven to be prescient and timeless. The observations made in 1920's France echo even to this day.
Profile Image for Domhnall.
459 reviews352 followers
December 31, 2023
In mass media and on the internet, I am not alone in feeling that there are an awful lot of influential people taking up space and time with enormous self-assurance who seem, on closer scrutiny, to be talking a toxic mix of vicious prejudice and nonsense, depressingly shallow and predictable. How did the world come to this? Why are they so confident, why do they have their platforms and why do we even listen to them?

This book came out in 1926, a different world in which its author could refer to the dramatic impact of the modern newspaper industry. Despite a token nod towards class conflict and the still recent Russian Revolution, his focus is on the influence of nationalism in European politics during the preceding fifty years, presumably meaning since the Franco-Prussian War, the reunification of Germany and also Italy, even the Dreyfus Affair in France, though he spells out none of this. That background is well described in a related book to this, The Defeat of the Mind by Finkelkraut.

The original French title of this book is La Trahison des Clercs, and the translator’s introduction says Benda “uses the term “clerc” in “the medieval sense” to mean “scribe”—someone we would now call a member of the intelligentsia, an “intellectual.” Academics and journalists, pundits, moralists, and pontificators of all varieties are in this sense clercs.” p7 That description certainly fits our 21st Century pundits.

Benda sets out an idealised description of traditional intellectuals and draws a firm distinction between their concerns and those of “the multitudes”. The multitudes, he believes, were subject to the passions of political and social life, as follows: “We are to consider those passions termed political, owing to which men rise up against other men, the chief of which are racial passions, class passions and national passions.” P24 The responsibility of the intellectual, he argued, was precisely to refuse to engage with these concerns: “the “clerk” is only strong if he is clearly conscious of his essential qualities and his true function, and shows mankind that he is clearly conscious of them. In other words he declares to them that his kingdom is not of this world, that the grandeur of his teaching lies precisely in this absence of practical value.” p160

“… for more than two thousand years until modern times, I see an uninterrupted series of philosophers, men of religion, men of literature, artists, men of learning (one might say almost all during this period), whose influence, whose life, were in direct opposition to the realism of the multitudes. To come down specifically to the political passions—the “clerks” were in opposition to them...” P50

… they were either entirely indifferent to these passions, and, like Leonardo da Vinci, Malebranche, Goethe, set an example of attachment to the purely disinterested activity of the mind and created a belief in the supreme value of this form of existence; or, gazing as moralists upon the conflict of human egotisms, like Erasmus, Kant, Renan, they preached, in the name of humanity or justice, the adoption of an abstract principle superior to and directly opposed to these passions. “ P50

This total separation of intellectuals from the passions of mundane political life was to his mind the basis of western civilisation. “Although … their activity undoubtedly was chiefly theoretical, and they were unable to prevent the laymen from filling all history with the noise of their hatreds and their slaughters; but the “clerks” did prevent the laymen from setting up their actions as a religion, they did prevent them from thinking themselves great men as they carried out these activities. It may be said that, thanks to the “clerks,” humanity did evil for two thousand years, but honored good. This contradiction was an honor to the human species, and formed the rift whereby civilization slipped into the world.” P51

“Civilization as I understand it here—moral supremacy conferred on the cult of the spiritual and on the feeling of the universal—appears to me as a lucky accident in man’s development. It blossomed three thousand years ago under a set of circumstances whose contingent character was perfectly perceived by the historian who called it “the Greek miracle.”… And this means that if humanity loses this jewel, there is not much chance of finding it again.” P163

“People forget that Hellenic rationalism only really enlightened the world during seven hundred years, that it was then hidden (this a minima verdict will be granted me) for twelve centuries, and has begun to shine again for barely four centuries; so that the longest period of consecutive time in human history on which we can found inductions is, upon the whole, a period of intellectual and moral darkness. Looking at history, we may say in a more synthetic manner that, with the exception of two or three very short, luminous epochs whose light, like that of certain stars, lightens the world long after they are extinct, humanity lives generally in darkness; while literatures live generally in a state of decadence and the organism in disorder. And the disturbing thing is that humanity does not seem to mind these long periods of cave-dwelling.” P165

It is in this context, then, that Benda accuses the intellectuals, the clerks, of treason.

“… Now, at the end of the nineteenth century a fundamental change occurred: the “clerks” began to play the game of political passions.” P51

“These men claim to carry out their action by virtue of a doctrine derived from a wholly objective study of history, from the exercise of the most purely scientific spirit. And they owe the special attention with which they are listened to by men of action entirely to this claim that they are men of learning, men who are fighting for a truth discovered in the austerity of the laboratory.” P54

“Our age has introduced two novelties into the theorizing of political passions, by which they have been remarkably intensified. The first is that every one to-day claims that his movement is in line with “the development of evolution” and “the profound unrolling of history.” All these passions of to-day, whether they derive from Marx, from M. Maurras or from Houston Chamberlain, have discovered a “historical law,” according to which their movement is merely carrying out the spirit of history and must therefore necessarily triumph, while the opposing party is running counter to this spirit and can enjoy only a transitory triumph. That is merely the old desire to have Fate on one’s side, but it is put forth in a scientific shape. And this brings us to the second novelty: To-day all political ideologies claim to be founded on science, to be the result of a “precise observation of facts.” “P38

“Obviously, the feelings of this class of men have changed since Plutarch taught: “Man is not a plant created to be immobile and to have his roots fixed in the soil where he was born,” and since Antisthenes replied to his colleagues who boasted that they were native to the soil, that “they shared this honour with the slugs and grasshoppers.”“ P63

“The “clerks” have thereby stimulated political passions among the laymen, at least in that very important section of them who read and believe they think.” P65

“There exists a certain criterion by which we may know whether the “clerk” who takes public action does so in conformity with his true functions; and that is, that he is immediately reviled by the laymen, whose interests he thwarts (Socrates, Jesus). We may say beforehand that the “clerk” who is praised by the laymen is a traitor to his office.”
P55

Benda might be taking us in one of several directions. On the one hand, he might be something of the old fashioned academic, bemoaning the loss of a mythical golden age in which there were true intellectuals who stood aloof from the tacky and hateful passions of the masses. I don’t think so. On the other hand he may be making a very concrete and still valid criticism of the role played by modern intellectuals in public life. This is that they hold opinions that are no better and no worse and above all no better justified than that of their neighbours, the “laymen”, but they have the effrontery to demand special authority and influence by virtue of their intellectual credentials. Even where these are properly earned in academic toil their credentials do not in fact entitle them to make the claims they do make, often on subjects utterly beyond their field of expertise. The title of doctor, for instance, can lend an undeserved gravitas to the most absurd contributions, There is even a genre of stand up comedians with no intellectual status whatsoever making a fine career out of telling their audience exactly what their audience wants to be told under the guise of social commentary, a career that will crash to the ground on the day they dare to oppose the prejudice of their target audience. As Graham Linehan observed in his excellent autobiography, Tough Crowd, the job of a court jester or a comedian is to tell the truth, and they have always enjoyed a licence to say what others fear to say. Without that honesty, they have nothing. Or as Chomsky has observed, political commentators are given complete freedom of speech in our media for as long as their honestly held opinions reliably conform to the established / establishment consensus.

For Benda, there is no purpose to the status of intellectual once its beneficiaries sacrifice their intellectual curiosity and their honesty for the applause of the crowd. Today one might add there is no point to a higher education system whose students dictate to their teachers the values and opinions they are prepared to be exposed to and demand a trigger warning before anyone dare utter the truth. Truth hurts.
Profile Image for Jonathan Hockey.
Author 2 books23 followers
February 16, 2021
Here is the people accused of the treason from their role as "clerks" or intellectuals:

(b) A body of men who used to be in opposition to the realism of the masses, but who now, not only do not oppose it, but adopt it, proclaim its grandeur and morality; in short, a humanity which has abandoned itself to realism with a unanimity, an absence of reserve, a sanctification of its
passion unexampled in history.

Now this is great, and it is well illustrated by marxism and socialism. Because realism/materialism is what we are talking about here. Only the author seems to have a bizarre obsession on nationalism. I have never seen nationalists described as "clerks" or intellectuals either then or now. It seems to be a classic projection of the left of their own failings on to some bogey man.

I wouldn't call this treason of intellectuals though, I wouldn't be so harsh, I would merely call it cowardice, as is nearly always the case with intellectuals. The drive to be a champagne socialist is a very easy thing in our world. It is very easy for an intellectual to trumpet "good" causes without actually acting or doing anything about it. It is also very easy for them to get caught up in the materialism of secular/atheist/leftist mindsets, which was the real reason where things went bad for intellectuals, and they abandoned their duty. Just take a look at Jean-Paul Sartre for instance, and his support for the soviet regime even when it was becoming clear of the atrocities that were going on there.

Intellectuals have well meaning ideas, that become very dangerous when they try to put them in material/real practice, as the ideas have no basis in a firm reality.

The danger of nationalism is a totally different kind of danger, and don't let this terrible book mislead you otherwise. For a better understanding of these dangers read Erich Fromm for instance. Nationalism is dangerous because of its tendency to romanticism and idealism. Another way of losing touch with reality.

The better road for anyone who wants to have an intelligent understanding of social and political events is to not imagine you are above the process yourself, because whenever you do you create a reification that leads to a polarisation that leads to the creation of the very things you are claiming to be in fear of and against. Resulting in two polarised sides name calling and projecting on to the other side.

The lesson for intellectuals is to stop pointing the finger at others and to look into their own heart at their own cowardice. You cannot force a moral conscience on to others with brow beating and one sided media coverage and perpetual historical revisionism, but you can work on developing your own moral conscience with better self awareness to be a better person around people in your own life.
Profile Image for Gede Suprayoga.
153 reviews6 followers
February 18, 2024
Buku ini masih relevan sampai dengan kondisi sekarang. Julien Benda mendasarkan pengamatannya terhadap konteks politik dan peran intelektual di Prancis pada akhir dan awal tahun 1900an. Pada saat itu, ia menganggap bahwa para intelektual telah menyimpang dari intensi awal atas keberadaannya dan sudah menjauh dari penegakan nilai universal yang seyogyanya diperjuangkan.

Dengan mendasarkan pada filsafat Yunani terutama pada masa Socrates dan sebelumnya, Julien Benda menyatakan bahwa para intelektual seharusnya tetap memperjuangkan keadilan dan kebenaran transendental. Karenanya, para cendekia yang mementingkan golongan dan kelasnya ia sebutkan telah menyimpangkan dirinya dengan sengaja. Motivasi yang mendasarinya dapat bermacam-macam, yang ia sebut sebagai kegairahan pada realisme atau hal-hal fana atau bukan abstraksi nilai agung. Motif keuntungan material yang diterima pada cendekiawan atau interlektual ini adalah salah satu penyebabnya.

Mencerna buku ini agak sulit bagi saya. Selain harus memahami konteks sejarah tetapi juga menyelami pemikiran para intelektual Eropa yang sedemikian banyak dalam kutipan. Dari buku ini kita diajak untuk memahami siapa yang disebut para cendekiawan, bagaimana idealnya perannya, dan hubungannya dengan negara. Untuk jawaban pertama, cendekiawan adalah mereka yang berorientasi pada penegakan nilai luhur tanpa sekat kelompok serta pemajuan perkembangan moral masyarakat. Di luar capaian tersebut, peran cendekiawan terhadap masyarakat negaranya dapat dianggap gagal.
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