Shylock and the Jewish Question

by Martin D. Yaffe

"Yaffe provides a wide-ranging and probing reflection on the portrayal of Jews and Judaism in early modern thought. His innovative approach to the problem of Shakespeare's treatment of Shylock can stand for the originality of his book as a whole... Yaffe's interpretations are likely to prove controversial, but they are always thought-provoking." -- Virginia Quarterly Review Much attention has been paid to the place of Shylock in the history of anti-Semitism. Most scholars have agreed with Harold Bloom that Shakespeare's famous villain is drawn with a "murderous anti-Semitism" and that Shakespeare uncritically mirrors the rife anti-Semitism of his times. While others see only gross caricature in The Merchant of Venice, however, Martin Yaffe finds a subtle analysis of the Jew's place in a largely Christian society. In Shylock and the Jewish Question, Yaffe challenges the widespread assumption that Shakespeare is, in the final analysis, unfriendly to Jews. He finds that Shakespeare's consideration of Judaism in The Merchant of Venice provides an important contrast to Marlowe's virulent The Jew of Malta. In many ways, he argues, Shakespeare's play is even more accepting than Francis Bacon's notably inclusive New Atlantis or the Jewish philosopher Benedict Spinoza's argument for tolerance in the Theologico-Political Treatise. "Although Yaffe focuses on the Jewish question, his study is a lead-in to a study of the rise of liberal democracy, the development of religious toleration, the relation of church and state, and the inter-relation between politics, economics and religion -- all of these being vital in history's evolution towards modernity." -- Serge Liberman, Australian Jewish News "In a critique that promises to refuel scholarly controversy over the portrait of Shylock... Yaffe's retro-prospective approach to its political philosophy suggests interesting possibilities for contrasting popular anti-Semitic culture and the more tolerant, enlightened statesmanship of the seventeenth-century." -- Frances Barasch, Shakespeare Bulletin

Genres: Shakespeare, Judaism

Hardcover

First published October 8, 1997

Reviews

[versarbre]

A book appearing to be literary analysis turns out to be analysis of political philosophy regarding the respective weight of law and love in the public life - in the setting of a transforming Catholic society into a commerce society in 16th Venice!The author not only historicizes the background setting of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, but also goes further to speculate what Shakespeare may actually be thinking about the Jewish character Shylock in the play. According to Yaffe, Shakespeare writes Shylock specifically not as a model Jew but an inconsistent character who constantly deviates from his alleged claim on laws. A resident alien in the Catholic city of Venice in the 16th cent, Shylock is a local merchant between a Jew and a Venician. He appeals to his business contract and his limited civil right as a businessman at a Catholic court whose major concern is the bonding of fellow citizens rather than citizens and aliens as free contractual individuals. Yaffe considers Shakespeare to have offered a view on the moral bond that holds a political community together by dramatizing its practical consequences. And he compares Shakespeare's solution with those of the three of Shakespeare's contemporaries, Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, and Benedict Spinoza.