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The Doctrine of Fascism

Benito Mussolini,

Giovanni Gentile

3.16 · Rating details · 698 ratings · 80 reviews

This article, co-written by Giovanni Gentile, is considered to be the most complete articulation of Mussolini's political views. This is the only complete official translation we know of on the web, copied directly from an official Fascist government publication of 1935, Fascism Doctrine and Institutions, by Benito Mussolini, Ardita Publishers, Rome, pages 7-42. This trans ...more

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Paperback, 72 pages

Published September 1st 2006 by Howard Fertig (first published 1932)

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Oct 14, 2013 Nandakishore Varma rated it did not like it

Shelves: author-is-a-despotic-monster, author-should-be-stoned-to-death, hate-mongerers

Incoherent bullshit. Could not finish it, even with its brevity.

I had the author marked as a genocidal son of a bachelor long back. However, I did not know he was a terrible writer into the bargain.

It is available free on the net; however, if you want to physically own bilge like this, it is available at a cost of eleven dollars plus on Amazon. Please buy it from there.

Amazon would heartily approve of Mussolini. For example, his words

Anti-individualistic, the Fascist conception of life stres

...more

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Jul 20, 2016 Steven Godin rated it liked it · review of another edition

Shelves: italy, non-fiction, history, world-war-ll, political

Short, sharp, to the point and in his own words, this serves well for an introduction to the ideology of fascism and you quickly realise why so many people bought into this method of power, best read for educational purposes only unless you have a boner for Benito (can't think why anyone would). First published in the Enciclopedia Italiana of 1932 and written as an essay by Giovanni Gentile although the credit for the text goes to Mussolini. For any youngsters out there that use the term 'fascis ...more

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Sep 21, 2017 Jordan rated it it was amazing

Shelves: my-library

Unlike anything I've ever read before! Such a unique, interesting and all-inspiring philosophical outlook on the world we live in, a world of perpetual struggle in which the Fascistic view is that we are born into challenge and that we must find our own will-to-power and overcome all forces of hindrance, by brutal force and direct action, by unity of people and faith in the unified state as a life form in of itself. This book was extremely interesting to read, it made me realise that Fascism isn ...more

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Feb 15, 2019 Locky rated it it was amazing · review of another edition

Shelves: read-in-2019

I am rating this book in the sense of its use of gaining an understanding of Fascism.
In short, Mussolini explains that the nature of fascism (to my understanding) is predominantly to do with lifestyle rather than purely political means - that strong individuals with a passion for life and for an organised, moral state will be better off than the individual alone.
'I believe that if a people wish to live they should develop a will to power, otherwise they vegetate, live miserably and become prey ...more

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Aug 17, 2012 Matthew Hunter rated it did not like it · review of another edition

Shelves: politics

As our web site makes very clear, we are totally opposed to ideas such as racism, religious intolerance and communism. However, in order to combat such evils, it is necessary to understand them by means of the study of key documentary material.

Thus reads World Future Fund's disclaimer at the beginning of Mussolini's The Doctrine of Fascism. And for good reason! This is some seriously totalitarian stuff. As with other world-jarring and vile works like The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Mein Kampf, and The Turner Diaries, we should read them to better understand tyrants and the murderous ideologies they espouse.

Here's a sampling of the dangerous crap spewed by uber-turd Benito Mussolini:

Against the concept of individual human dignity.

In the Fascist conception of history, man is man only by virtue of the spiritual process to which he contributes as a member of the family, the social group, the nation, and in function of history to which all nations bring their contribution.... Outside history man is a nonentity. Fascism is therefore opposed to all individualistic abstractions based on eighteenth century materialism.... Anti-individualistic, the Fascist conception of life stresses the importance of the State and accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with those of the State, which stands for the conscience and the universal will of man as a historic entity.

With individuals subordinated to the will of the State, Mussolini really pours on the totalitarian Statist propaganda.

The Fascist conception of the State is all embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State - a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values - interprets, develops, and potentates the whole life of a people.

Now with individuals belittled and the State exalted, Mussolini seeks to justify his becoming the State's sole ruler.

[I]t is the purest form of democracy if the nation be considered as it should be from the point of view of quality rather than quantity, as an idea, the mightiest because the most ethical, the most coherent, the truest, expressing itself in a people as the conscience and will of the few, if not, indeed, of one, and ending to express itself in the conscience and will of the mass, of the whole group ethnically molded by natural and historical conditions into a nation, advancing, as one conscience and one will, along the self same line of development and spiritual formation.

Here's Mussolini's poop in a nutshell. He made himself alone the State. The State's will was his will. And since simplicity and clarity of mind demand there be only one will or conscience, Mussolini gave himself a mandate to eradicate individuals and ideas that did not coincide with his preferences. That's a high price to pay for making trains run on time!

Mussolini believed the 20th century to be the totalitarian's time to rule. For him, the individual's time had run it's course in the 18th and 19th centuries. And really, events seem to have agreed with Mussolini. Millions upon millions of people died at the hands of him, Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot, Idi Amin, and a host of other uglies. Tyranny was an equal opportunity endeavor in the last century, with mass killers coming from both the left and right sides of the ideological spectrum. Lovely! The good news is there are things we can do to end these cycles of mass violence. For starters, when a theocratic, racialist or war party approaches you, move quickly in the opposite direction. ...more

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Dec 21, 2020 /Fitbrah/ rated it really liked it

Pretty good propaganda, tbh. Gets me excited for reading more about the Italy during the second world war. People in the other reviews are very emotional.

I would discourage people from getting emotionally invested in history unless it's in a way akin to cheering for sports teams. ...more

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Apr 22, 2017 Alex rated it did not like it

Shelves: philosophy, history, pro-democracy, authoritarian, capitalism-critique, politics

Way more esoteric but just as intellectually barren as I expected, although the sophistry is admittedly on a very high level of perfection. As a matter of policy, I don't give participation points for almost fooling me, however. If you prostitute yourself for the gullible masses, then you can take your reward from the masses.

If you honestly believe that you, as an individual, do not exist except as part of the spleen of an organism called "the state", and that you don't have a soul but the state ...more

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Mar 06, 2018 Kent rated it really liked it · review of another edition

Shelves: general-politics

Civic Nationalism. Quotes Renan, inventor of Khazar theory.

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May 30, 2020 Ondřej Justin Horák rated it really liked it

Shelves: alt-right, philosophy

based

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Sep 06, 2019 Will rated it did not like it

This was only read for educational purposes. Essentially, only to hear it from the horses mouth. As for its content, nothing of value unless for educational purposes of fascism.

It has the same intellectual capacity of all other collectivist drivel.

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Sep 16, 2020 Brag Iyer rated it did not like it

Interesting for its historical value

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Oct 26, 2020 Matthew rated it did not like it

Anyone who genuinely believes a word this deranged man says will reach the same fate as him. This ideology should hang from the same rope as Mussolini. Waste of time.

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Mar 22, 2018 Yogy TheBear rated it did not like it

To place fascism on the political spectrum is confusing. It is clear it is in the authoritarian corner. I have read a few authoritarians of communism, marxism , socialism and collectiv anarhist flavours. But fascism in the mainstream is considered a *extreme right ideology... But the fact is fascism has way more in common with marxism. It is like a branch, critique and reformer of marxism at the same time. It's attack on liberalism is milder, the main tennets of marxism are there in milder form. ...more

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Jul 05, 2017 Almustafa Couch rated it did not like it · review of another edition

Rarely if ever have I been so disappointed in a text, in which it is argued that (the non-existent factor called) common sense is what should be allowed to inform our legal system and societies action against the individual. The author also speaks favourably about is state of perpetual warfare, to motivate advance, in both technological and social development. He does however say one thing which has just a hint of truth to it in which he does label the Roman Catholic church as being an instituti ...more

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Feb 11, 2010 Greyweather rated it did not like it

Shelves: evil

"The so-called crisis can only be settled by State action and within the orbit of the State." - Benito Mussolini, Fascism Doctrine and Institutions

Sound familiar? Fascism, sadly, survives in modern political rhetoric. Everyone should read this so that they understand just how dangerously close we are to re-inventing the Fascist states that brought so much evil into the last century. ...more

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Sep 20, 2013 Yasiru marked it as to-read

Shelves: genocidal-authors

Author's a rude twat. Killed a bunch of people over not agreeing with him about the doctrine in this book too.

Fortunately, brave companies like Goodreads carry forward his noble spirit and legacy to our modern day, and abusive reviews like this one will soon be deleted. ...more

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Mar 21, 2019 Joe Duncan rated it really liked it · review of another edition

Interesting voyage into the world of one of the strangest political doctrines of all time.

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Nov 11, 2017 Razi Shaikh added it

More of an article than a book, this is short, concise and remarkably clear. One of my professors said in class that there is a fascist within each one of us. The question is, how much we allow it to express itself. Disturbing proposition. Read this book for a first hand account of how the fascist mind works.

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Jul 23, 2019 Daniel rated it it was ok

The “Doctrine of Fascism” is a 1932 essay and Italian encyclopedia entry written by Giovanni Gentile and Mussolini, although it was originally presented as being entirely authored by the latter. The entry is divided into two parts. The first part, “Fundamental Ideas,” is by the neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher Gentile, who offers a brief overview of fascism as a political philosophy. It foreshadows the essay’s longer second section, “Political and Social Doctrine,” by Mussolini. Fascism, Gentil The “Doctrine of Fascism” is a 1932 essay and Italian encyclopedia entry written by Giovanni Gentile and Mussolini, although it was originally presented as being entirely authored by the latter. The entry is divided into two parts. The first part, “Fundamental Ideas,” is by the neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher Gentile, who offers a brief overview of fascism as a political philosophy. It foreshadows the essay’s longer second section, “Political and Social Doctrine,” by Mussolini. Fascism, Gentile writes, is concerned with the group over the individual; the group—society, or “the people”—finds its fullest expression in the State. It’s the freedom of the State, not the individual, that fascism is committed to maintaining. Fascism rejects “individualistic abstractions based on eighteenth-century materialism.” The State is not only a political institution but a spiritual one, insofar as it represents a concentrated expression of the “will of man.” The second part of the essay is the most noteworthy; it offers a coherent and detailed description of fascism as a political philosophy. It is useful, therefore, as a historical document, a reference you can turn to when examining the theoretical origins of Italian fascism in particular and fascism in general, which exists in its “classical” form in Mussolini’s Italy.

Mussolini begins by explaining how fascism emerged as a philosophy. It was born, he writes, out of a need for action. Fascism has no political program or doctrine in the 1910s because this is when its principles were being formulated, based on necessities. It took time for its tenants to develop because it was born out of the chaos of the times. It was not, “the nursling of a doctrine previously drafted at a desk.” In those “early years” fascism may not have had a doctrine but it had a “faith” and a “will” that was later elaborated. Fascism is anti-pacifistic and militaristic. Influenced by social Darwinism, it conceives of the world as a difficult and competitive contest between warring nations. Its commitment is to expansion and conquest, to the “fighting spirit,” which motivates the imperial enlargement that animates and energizes a nation. It’s through claiming this Spazio Vitale (a pretty name for an ugly thing) that a nation asserts its dominance and strength. Fascism is hierarchal and highly authoritarian. It arose, Mussolini explains, as a consequence of the failure of all other political systems, which are ill-suited to the vicissitudes of modernity.

While Mussolini claims that fascism is revolutionary rather than reactionary, he spends a lot of time distinguishing it from socialism and liberalism. Fascism is incompatible with socialism on three accounts. Because it rejects the dialectical materialist conception of history (which belittles human action as a mere shadow or echo of economics). Fascism does not see class struggle as the major defining tension in history, nor does it posit that, once economic justice has been achieved, felicity will necessarily follow. Fascism sees things differently: the force that shapes history is the will of man (as embodied, under fascism, in the will of the State); its divides the world, first and foremost, into nations rather than classes; and it begins by resigning itself to the idea that felicity will never be achieved on earth. It renounces hopes for happiness and relishes instead the "spiritual" and national solidarity that is embodied in its highest form in the State. Mussolini goes on to distinguish fascism from liberalism.

Cynically, he defines democracy as a system in which people operate under the “delusion” that they exercise sovereignty when in fact “real sovereignty resides in and is exercised by other and sometimes irreconcilable forces.” (Of course, fascism emerges when there is a widespread belief in the failure of democracy; frustration with the chaos and impasse of the democratic process instills in people a longing for authority and discipline, a willingness to give up a degree of their classical freedoms to have someone (“the man”) tell them what to do and get things done.) Fascism is opposed to liberalism because it is anti-individualistic, inequalitarian and opposed to the idea that “numbers… can be a determining factor in human society.” It is one’s loyalty and love of State that give one civic authority, not one’s mere existence.

Mussolini reiterates the importance of the group over the individual. In one of the essays most chilling passages, he observes that, “If the 19th-century was the century of the individual (liberalism implies individualism) we are free to believe that this is the ‘collective century’ and therefore the century of the state.”

In the final section, Mussolini expands his theory of State responsibility. The State, under fascism, is “totalitarian”; it penetrates into every aspect of public and private life (yikes). Rather than simply being a means of political organization, it invests the people (a euphemism for what inevitably becomes violent coercion) with the nation’s highest spiritual, moral, and cultural values:
“The State guarantees the internal and external safety of the country, but it also safeguards and transmits the spirit of the people, elaborated down the ages in its language, its customs, its faith. The State is not only the present; it is also the past and above all the future. Transcending the individual’s brief spell of life, the State stands for the immanent conscience of the nation. The forms in which it finds expression change, but the need for it remains. The State educates the citizens to civism, makes them aware of their mission, urges them to unity; its justice harmonizes their divergent interests; it transmits to future generations the conquests of the mind in the fields of science, art, law, human solidarity; it leads men up from primitive tribal life to that highest manifestation of human power, imperial rule. The State hands down to future generations the memory of those who laid down their lives to ensure its safety or to obey its laws; it sets up as examples and records for future ages the names of the captains who enlarged its territory and of the men of genius who have made it famous. Whenever respect for the State declines and the disintegrating and centrifugal tendencies of individuals and groups prevail, nations are headed for decay… The Fascist State organizes the nation, but it leaves adequate elbow room.”

The contrast between this glorified characterization of what the Fascist State “does” and the ruthless coercion and repression (not to mention mass murder) that it is historically responsible for is enough to discredit fascism as a political disposition that, while tempting in times of crisis, misery, and impasse, inevitably devolves, as Hayek argues, into tyranny.

Culturally, fascism commits itself to sustaining the more “arduous” forms of culture. If culture deteriorates and grows lax under democracy. Fascistic culture is disciplined and rigorous, says Mussolini.

If you take Mussolini’s treatise as an ur-text of fascist theory (and I don’t think it’s a mistake to), Nazism appears to be a distinct and slightly peculiar version of fascist thinking. German fascism has many of the same impulses as Italian fascism: its militarism, nationalism, hyper-authoritarianism, collectivism, its hearkening back to some epic mythic past (the Roman Empire or the Norse sagas), its longing for some glorious rebirth. Nazism's vast and intricate racialist mythology marks it as peculiar and distinctly repulsive manifestation of a political philosophy that is more general in its objectives.

Still, in films like Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will and Olympia you have a good example of what Benjamin and co. call fascist aesthetics. In the former, a synchronized choreography of ecstatic bodies march and orbit around their leader; the individual vanishes. Though the central avenue of Nürburg’s historic center, past the timber-framed houses and glittering fountains, on the vast rally grounds, and in massive congress hall, all that exists is the crowd and their führer, a dynamic of domination and submission that lends structure to previously war-ravaged Germany but only on the surface. Beneath the rippling movement and breakthrough camerawork is an abyss, the unspeakable—the human lives that are sacrificed in the service of an “eternal order” that inevitably reveals itself as a sham, based on the arbitrary dictates of a tyrant. ...more

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Dec 01, 2020 Imogen rated it did not like it

Mussolini describes fascism as 'more than a system of government', rather, transcending 'spirituality' (duh!), and then describes the fascist surface-personality/character as an all-associating, protecting, and being protected by, a State.... while also directly saying some things fascism ought to oppose (yet missing out on probably a lot more, as well as the evidence needed to ground such claims (oh wait, there are none) yadidiyaya)... That's kind of the only information it is able to perpetuat ...more

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Mar 19, 2020 Aboobacker rated it liked it

Shelves: ideology

The bible of Fascism. The consolidated book was published in 1968. National Fascist Party had super power in all agencies & institutions of the State. The state itself named as 'The state of Corporations'. The doctrine help to understand how was the Fascist State. ...more

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Oct 13, 2020 Bart rated it did not like it · review of another edition

Shelves: philosophy-politics

Making it up as they went along

Mussolini created his fascist ideas out of whatever seemed to serve. His guiding star, upon reading this, appears to have been simply manly strength with everyone deferring to the gang of toughs at the top and, inevitably, to him. He talks about the state as a shared, protective community when he is in fact describing a protection racket. We were wise to destroy it.

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Apr 23, 2012 Don Carfagno rated it it was ok

failed philosophy, interesting because of that

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Apr 16, 2016 Albert rated it it was ok

Shelves: philosophy, non-fiction, politics, political-ideology

*Only for academic purpose*

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Apr 13, 2018 Ekul rated it it was ok

Shelves: politics, temp-modern-late, geo-europe

Eloquently written, but also wrong.

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Oct 07, 2016 Kerem Çağatay rated it liked it

Some important parts are indicated below:

"Therefore life, as conceived of by the Fascist, is serious, austere, and religious; all its manifestations are poised in a world sustained by moral forces and subject to spiritual responsibilities. The Fascist disdains an “easy " life. "

"Outside history man is a nonentity. Fascism is therefore opposed to all individualistic abstractions based on eighteenth century materialism; and it is opposed to all Jacobinistic utopias and innovations. It does not be ...more

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Jun 06, 2020 Apple Sweetass rated it it was amazing

Shelves: politics

Fascism was the most looked up word in 2016 because Americans were afraid a fascist would be elected president. After reading this, I wish that our president was a fascist...

In his doctrine, Mussolini says that fascism arose first by the 'faith' and 'will' of men; men that are willing to die for the cause of their country requires faith. Ultimately, this courageous sacrifice contributes to the movement's legitimacy. The need for a doctrine came later to explain the necessary actions of the men o ...more

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Dec 20, 2020 Puwa added it

Shelves: english-red

The time and space recognized the human life, the pattern of change, and rule of law as say to know men one must know men. Fascism is not only superficial, material aspects but also it has been enrooted general attitude toward life. The general thought of doctrines whereas, men can create by his own exercise. Judgment is a holistic moral responsibility of the rulers for their people but, up-to-day the law ethics only for the ruler's benefits where there we can see the fascist level playing field The time and space recognized the human life, the pattern of change, and rule of law as say to know men one must know men. Fascism is not only superficial, material aspects but also it has been enrooted general attitude toward life. The general thought of doctrines whereas, men can create by his own exercise. Judgment is a holistic moral responsibility of the rulers for their people but, up-to-day the law ethics only for the ruler's benefits where there we can see the fascist level playing field and can see floor test to conduct to regain liberal or democracy.

The theory says, in politics fascism aims at realism but in nature communalism, religionism, racism, and caste are also sub-variables of the optimism of realism. People's moral unity the right of independence in the form of self-consciousness is totally unconscious de facto situation. The fascist territorial union attitude loses the doctrine of unitary state hance, create a path for the balkanization of the statuary body by using various political tools that are constituted or unconstructed.

Political doctrine reform is center play in the political river that formulate new action to be fixed its real character. Every country has tasted the bitterness of war in the world, more pains and no gains, yet still, the world democracy suffers due to the war cloud still remain in the political sky. Theoreticians speak that fascism believes in sanctity and heroism, but the world example is soon it appears and soon disappears and destroyed by the revolutions, with the won guns of fascism.

The doctrines of fascism and liberalism are the two opposing sides of the coin in the political and the economic sphere. Fascism finished, liberalism flourished in the 19th century. Roman emperor tragedy, Paris communism, Nazis repression are defeated, and which known to history. Anti-liberalism is ridiculous and destroys itself but, liberalism will prevail in the form of civilization and that can move forward.

The educated, sensible, and cultured citizens need the mission to unity, justice, harmony, the conquest mind in cultural and human solidarity in the height of manifestation of human power, rule, and safety in order to maintain law and obey the law. According to the doctrine of every citizen are equal before the law and every individual is entitled to protect the law in the democratic world. ...more

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Sep 02, 2019 Ross rated it it was amazing

Fascism is the boogeyman of the 21st century Western world. Something that since we are able to read, we are taught is a great evil in our world; yet the vast majority of people don't even know what Fascism is let alone it's basic concepts.

Reading through I think about the parallels (or lack thereof) to the world we live in today and how it casts a light on what our future holds should we continue down the path of the "well-being-happiness" lifestyle where we become lambs to the slaughter of hig ...more

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Feb 18, 2019 cem rated it liked it

this book exhibits the foundations of fascism and its economic, political, spiritual and religious roots. liberalism, democracy and egalitarianism were vehemently denounced by mussolini. unlike hitler's fascism, racist foundations does not exist in mussolini's fascist ideology. moreover, his criticism towards socialism was not that harsh, in fact the similarities between fascism and socialism were highlighted more than their differences, indicating mussolini's sympathy towards his ex-revolutiona ...more

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About Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

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Italian politician and journalist, originally a philoanarchist socialist, who later led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being the key figure in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy since the Fascist coup d'état and began using the title il Duce by 1925 until his deposition in 1943; for a short period before his execution in 1945 Mussolini was the leader of ...more

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My Autobiography / The Political & Social Doctrine of Fascism (Books on History, Political & Social Science)

Il mio diario di guerra 1915-1917 (Grande Guerra)

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