This is British famous bourgeois economist Adam Smiths representative work, published in 1776 that is the growth of capitalism. Manual manufacturing in United Kingdom was beginning to transit into large scale industry, while the United Kingdom industrial development still, to a large extent, affected by the remnants of feudal systems and restrictions of mercantilist policy. The capitalist class in the United Kingdom was still in youth, and in order to remove the obstacles on the way forward, a liberal economic theory was needed to pave the way for their development. Adam Smith's An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations appeared in this historical period.This book summarizes the experience of States in the early modern development of capitalism, and critical absorbs important economic theories at that time. On the basis of these, it does a more systematic and clear description of the whole national economic process. After this book was published , not only development of capitalism in the United Kingdom was directly promoted, but also the development of capitalism in the world gained a wide range of effects. No wonder some scholars to value highly this book at that time. However, history soon showed out its limitations and shortcomings and mistakes.