Martine's Reviews > Dracula
Dracula
by Bram Stoker
by Bram Stoker
Martine's review
bookshelves: british, film, gothic, nineteenth-century
Apr 24, 09
bookshelves: british, film, gothic, nineteenth-century
Read in December, 1995
'Welcome to my house. Come freely. Go safely. And leave something of the happiness you bring!'
These are pretty much the first words spoken to Jonathan Harker, one of the heroes of Bram Stoker's Dracula, upon his arrival at Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania, just minutes after a nightmare journey through the landscape of gothic horror: darkness, howling wolves, flames erupting out of the blue, frightened horses. Within a few days of his arrival, Harker will find himself talking of the Count's 'wickedly blazing eyes' and 'new schemes of villainy' and have some hair-raising encounters with the man who is now the world's most famous vampire: 'The last I saw of Count Dracula was his kissing his hand to me, with a red light of triumph in his eyes, and with a smile that Judas in hell might be proud of.' Several adventures involving sharp teeth, mirrors, garlic, crucifixes, bloody-mouthed corpses and big stakes will ensue.
The above quotations should make it abundantly clear what kind of book Dracula is. It's sensation fiction, written nearly half a century after the heyday of that genre. It's a cross between an epistolary novel, a detective novel and a save-my-wife story, and it's full of scares, horror and disgust, all described in a lurid tone that befits the subject: the living dead. Or the Un-Dead, as the book's other hero, my countryman Van Helsing, calls them.
Sadly, Van Helsing is one of my main problems with the book. While I love his heroism, his 'Let's-do-it' attitude and his unceasing struggle for Mina's soul, I find him entirely unconvincing as a Dutchman. I wish to God (with a crucifix and everything!) that I could switch off my inner linguist and appreciate the story for its narrative qualities rather than its linguistic aspects, but Stoker has Van Helsing indulge in so many linguistic improbabilities ('Are you of belief now, friend John?') that it quite took me out of the story, again and again and again. I'm aware this is not a problem that will bother many readers, but I for one dearly wish Stoker had listened to some actual Dutchmen before making the hero of his story one. Then perhaps he also would have refrained from making the poor man mutter German whenever he is supposed to speak his mother tongue. ('Mein Gott' is German, Mr Stoker. I mean, really.)
Linguistic inaccuracies aside (there are many in the book), Dracula has a few more problems. For one thing, the bad guy doesn't make enough appearances. Whenever Stoker focuses on Dracula, the story comes alive -- menace drips off the pages, and the reader finds himself alternately shivering with excitement and recoiling in horror. However, when Dracula is not around (which is most of the second half of the book), the story loses power, to the point where the second half of the book is actually quite dull. In addition, the story seems a little random and unfocused. Remember the 1992 film, in which Dracula obsesses about Mina Harker (Jonathan's wife) because she is his long-lost wife reincarnated? That conceit had grandeur, romance, passion, tragedy. And what was more, it made sense. It explained why Dracula comes all the way from Transylvania to England to find Mina, and why he wants to make her his bride despite the fact that she is being protected by people who clearly want him dead. In the book, however, Mina is merely Jonathan's wife (no reincarnation involved), a random lady Dracula has sunk his teeth into, and while this entitles her to some sympathy, it lacks the grand romantic quality the film had. I guess it's unfair to blame an author for not thinking of an improvement film-makers later made to his story, but I think Stoker rather missed an opportunity there.
And then there's the fact that Stoker seems to be an early proponent of the Robert Jordan School of Writing, meaning he takes an awful lot of time setting the scene, only to end the book on a whimper. The ending to Dracula is so anticlimactic it's rather baffling. Did Stoker run out of paper and ink? Did he want to finish the story before Dracula's brides came and got him? I guess we'll never know.
Still, despite its many flaws Dracula is an exciting read (well, the first half is, anyway), and Stoker undeniably left a legacy that will last for centuries to come. In that respect, Dracula deserves all the praise that has been heaped on it. I still think it could have been better, though. Much better.
These are pretty much the first words spoken to Jonathan Harker, one of the heroes of Bram Stoker's Dracula, upon his arrival at Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania, just minutes after a nightmare journey through the landscape of gothic horror: darkness, howling wolves, flames erupting out of the blue, frightened horses. Within a few days of his arrival, Harker will find himself talking of the Count's 'wickedly blazing eyes' and 'new schemes of villainy' and have some hair-raising encounters with the man who is now the world's most famous vampire: 'The last I saw of Count Dracula was his kissing his hand to me, with a red light of triumph in his eyes, and with a smile that Judas in hell might be proud of.' Several adventures involving sharp teeth, mirrors, garlic, crucifixes, bloody-mouthed corpses and big stakes will ensue.
The above quotations should make it abundantly clear what kind of book Dracula is. It's sensation fiction, written nearly half a century after the heyday of that genre. It's a cross between an epistolary novel, a detective novel and a save-my-wife story, and it's full of scares, horror and disgust, all described in a lurid tone that befits the subject: the living dead. Or the Un-Dead, as the book's other hero, my countryman Van Helsing, calls them.
Sadly, Van Helsing is one of my main problems with the book. While I love his heroism, his 'Let's-do-it' attitude and his unceasing struggle for Mina's soul, I find him entirely unconvincing as a Dutchman. I wish to God (with a crucifix and everything!) that I could switch off my inner linguist and appreciate the story for its narrative qualities rather than its linguistic aspects, but Stoker has Van Helsing indulge in so many linguistic improbabilities ('Are you of belief now, friend John?') that it quite took me out of the story, again and again and again. I'm aware this is not a problem that will bother many readers, but I for one dearly wish Stoker had listened to some actual Dutchmen before making the hero of his story one. Then perhaps he also would have refrained from making the poor man mutter German whenever he is supposed to speak his mother tongue. ('Mein Gott' is German, Mr Stoker. I mean, really.)
Linguistic inaccuracies aside (there are many in the book), Dracula has a few more problems. For one thing, the bad guy doesn't make enough appearances. Whenever Stoker focuses on Dracula, the story comes alive -- menace drips off the pages, and the reader finds himself alternately shivering with excitement and recoiling in horror. However, when Dracula is not around (which is most of the second half of the book), the story loses power, to the point where the second half of the book is actually quite dull. In addition, the story seems a little random and unfocused. Remember the 1992 film, in which Dracula obsesses about Mina Harker (Jonathan's wife) because she is his long-lost wife reincarnated? That conceit had grandeur, romance, passion, tragedy. And what was more, it made sense. It explained why Dracula comes all the way from Transylvania to England to find Mina, and why he wants to make her his bride despite the fact that she is being protected by people who clearly want him dead. In the book, however, Mina is merely Jonathan's wife (no reincarnation involved), a random lady Dracula has sunk his teeth into, and while this entitles her to some sympathy, it lacks the grand romantic quality the film had. I guess it's unfair to blame an author for not thinking of an improvement film-makers later made to his story, but I think Stoker rather missed an opportunity there.
And then there's the fact that Stoker seems to be an early proponent of the Robert Jordan School of Writing, meaning he takes an awful lot of time setting the scene, only to end the book on a whimper. The ending to Dracula is so anticlimactic it's rather baffling. Did Stoker run out of paper and ink? Did he want to finish the story before Dracula's brides came and got him? I guess we'll never know.
Still, despite its many flaws Dracula is an exciting read (well, the first half is, anyway), and Stoker undeniably left a legacy that will last for centuries to come. In that respect, Dracula deserves all the praise that has been heaped on it. I still think it could have been better, though. Much better.
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Martine: excellent review... As regards the linguistic issues, I'm afraid many English speakers (both here and in Britain) tend to think of foreign language as interchangeable. The German "Dutch" expresssions you mention remind me of the Canadian film The Black Robe, which has been praised to the skies for its historical "accuracy." I'll have to look it up, but I believe that it has the Native characters, who are meant to be Mohawk, speaking Cree. Not even the same language family - it would be like making a film about the Greeks and the Persians, and having the Persians speak Chinese...
I sometimes get the sense that the writers thought "Well, nobody speaks Mohawk, so who will know the difference?" Don't worry that it's just your Dutch sensibilities coming to the fore, the linguist in me is equally appalled... :)
Rebecca, I haven't read She yet, but it's on my list. So is Carmilla, which you mentioned in your own Dracula review. I'm looking forward to reading both!
Abigail, thanks! I'm glad to hear I'm not the only one who gets upset by these things. Linguistic inaccuracies are one of my pet peeves. In Dracula, it's not just Van Helsing's 'Mein Gott' which is all wrong; so is his English. He makes grammatical mistakes which no Dutchman in his right mind would make since that's just not how a Dutchman would express himself, and then proceeds to rattle off without a hitch constructions which most Dutch people would get wrong because they just don't exist in Dutch. This frequently happens in Hollywood movies, as well, with all sorts of languages. All too often you'll have actors trying hard to master a proper German accent, only to ignore the grammatical aspects of the language and make mistakes no German in his right mind would ever make. I really wish someone would write the Hollywood studios a memo outlining what sort of grammatical mistakes a German (or a Frenchman, or a Japanese person, or what have you) would be likely to make. I doubt the studios would pay much attention, though, for as you say, most of them appear to be wholly ignorant of and insensitive to linguistic veracity. Aaargh.
Anyhow. End of rant. :-)
I haven't seen The Black Robe. Should I, linguistic issues aside?
Oh I'm very aware of Hollywood's "charming" habit of conflating various languages and accents. I've always assumed that the powers-that-be believe that as long as the actors have some kind of accent, it doesn't really matter which accent it is. I mean, they're all foreigners, right? ;)
I mentioned The Black Robe specifically because 1) it's such an egregious example - an entire different language! 2) It's held up as historically accurate. I've done a little digging, and (re)discovered the fact that there are actually two First Nations groups in question - the "friendly" Huron, and the "unfriendly" Mohawk. Huron is an Algonkian language, as is Cree, but they are still very, very different (both culturally and geographically); and of course, Mohawk is an Iroquoian language. Either way - not what I would describe as "accurate."
As for whether you should watch the film, I would say so. I thought that it was beautifully shot, especially if you are fond of bleak, winter scenes. It is also one of the only film treatments (with which I am familiar) about very early European-Native American contact, between French Jesuits and those they were seeking to convert. It has received a great deal of praise, some of it deserved. For a more critical appraisal, you can turn to Ward Churchill's essay "And They Did It Like Dogs In the Dirt: An Indigenist Analysis of Black Robe," found in the new edition of his Fantasies of the Master Race.
Rebecca, Carmilla has been published as a stand-alone novella, as well. My edition features just the one story. However, I'll make an effort to find In a Glass Darkly if you tell me the other stories in it are worth it...Yeah, the good old 'Well,-they're-all-foreigners,-aren't they?' argument appears to be alive and kicking, Abigail. Sigh.
The Black Robe sounds interesting, despite its disdain for linguistic veracity (which I agree is rather shocking). Early European-Native American contact in beautifully shot bleak winter scenes, eh? I'm there. I'll see if I can get hold of the film. Thanks for the (grudging) recommendation!
(Again, I really am glad there are other people out there to whom this kind of stuff matters. My friends think I'm crazy when I start listing complaints like this; they keep telling me to focus on the story instead. But I can't!)
Well, you might be crazy, but you're definitely not alone! :) I've never really seen the point of having actors speak with accents or different languages if you're not going to get it right - just have them speak English then, it's been done...Black Robe is an interesting case though, because it won praise for the fact that it is THE most accurate portrayal of Native Americans ever filmed... I've done a little more digging, and have discovered that there was some Mohawk in the film, so that's OK (assuming the Iroquois portrayed are meant to be Mohawk - it's never really specified), but there's still the Huron/Cree thing. You might be interested in the following review, written by an anthropologist:
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/blackro...
Heh. You really are obsessing over this film, aren't you, Abigail? I like. :-) The review you linked to sounds excellent, despite the author's reservations about the use of Native American languages. But at least they had the Indians speaking some Native American languages (even if they were the wrong ones); apparently the French in the film all speak English. That little titbit made me laugh out loud. Thanks for reassuring me on the stories in In a Glass Darkly, Rebecca. I guess I'll stick to the copy of Carmilla I own, then. First I'll read She, though. :-)
Hi Martine - very nice review of one of my favourite books (but I never reread it...). I would however suggest with trepidation that Bram Stoker was himself only a few notches above the Hollywood hacks we know and love. Wikipedia sketches out his career as a theatrical manager who turned out novels on the side. He researched East European vampire tales reasonably well, they say, but the linguistic aspects of Dracula are a whole other thing. Wiki says
The typically Dutch prefix "van" (which in Dutch usually is not capitalized) gives the name a Dutch appearance. Nevertheless, the surname "Van Helsing" does not exist within the Dutch language area. However, similar names such as "Hell", "van der Hell", "van Hell", "Helsen" and "Helsinger" do. Also, in Finland there are a few hundred people who have the last name "Helsing". In Finland this surname probably originates from the name of Finland's capital, Helsinki (Helsingfors in Swedish). This would seem to indicate that the doctor's ancestors emigrated to the Netherlands from a Nordic country... also, the character uses German words instead of Dutch, such as "mein Gott" and "Toll".
Goodness me, this stuff is taken seriously! Anyway, surely we are asking too much of authors if we expect them to be able to incorporate the forms of grammar and the accompanying errors they would fall into when speaking in a second language. These authors are not linguists themselves, they are making a lot of stuff up! Stoker's audience (and later Hollywood audiences) paid no mind to such things. They got the general idea and that was fine for them. I believe this is all part of the suspension of disbelief.
There are many things which test your power to suspend disbelief in Dracula. What, for instance, of the blood transfusion scene? It's pure medical nonsense and if I remember rightly, what they did would have killed Mina immediately (as opposed to rescuing her from a coma). But Stoker was ignorant of such matters as was his audience.
Why we forgive some authors some things and not others is an interesting question.
Paul, I know my linguistic complaints are silly. I know the average reader is much more likely to get upset about a scientifically improbable blood transfusion scene (which certainly raised my eyebrows, as well) than about dodgy grammar. I just happen to be a fairly competent linguist myself, and as a linguist I tend to notice these things, and they take me out of the story. I wish they didn't, but it's like Cormac McCarthy's lack of punctuation -- I keep noticing it, over and over again, and the cumulative effect is one of protracted annoyance, of the kind which takes me out of a story. I wish I could tell myself to ignore the mistakes and focus on the story instead, but I can't. That's what I'm like. I'm too much of a linguist for my own good.
As for how unreasonable my demands are, I agree it's unfair to expect a presumably monolingual author to know the speech patterns of individual foreign languages. However, I do think authors should be prepared to do their homework a bit better than they generally seem to do. Back in Stoker's day this obviously would have been hard, but in the modern age, what with the Internet being what it is, there's no excuse for sloppy research, be it scientific or linguistic. This is especially true for Hollywood productions. If a Hollywood studio can afford to pay actors twenty million dollars to appear in one movie, it can afford to spend a few hundred quid on linguistic research, I think. I'm sure the accent coaches the studios employ to teach their actors the right accents can point out grammatical errors, as well. Which would be a great way to appease ridiculous language-obsessed perfectionists like myself. :-)
As for 'Van Helsing' not being a Dutch name, that didn't bother me at all. It may not be an existing name, but it sounds Dutch enough to me. In fact, it sounds more Dutch to me than the supposedly existing Dutch names Wiki suggests. But maybe that's just because I've grown used to it over the years...
There are a few linguistic aspects I do like about Dracula, such as the fact that the name 'Dracula' more or less means 'the devil' in modern Romanian: drac = devil; dracul = the devil; dracule = vocative ('oh devil'). Nice touch, that. :-)
I thought of something else - probably not original but I haven't read this specific point before. Stoker was a man and his novel is something of a boy's-own style adventure with the male heroes fighting the male bad guy who is entirely evil to save the honour/soul/virtue of their females. Later on vampires got a big makeover by firstly Ann Rice and latterly Stephanie Meyer. In these books the vampires are not all bad - both of these female writers make them sexy, alluring and just like that old Shangri-Las song:
"Well I hear he's bad"
"Well, he's good-bad, but he's not evil!"
I can see the theses being written now - "Blood Lust : The Feminisation of the Undead in late 20th Century horror fiction, with particular reference to Tom Cruise and that guy in Twilight"
Wow - I totally agree with you about the book falling apart in the second half. I just wrote my review on it, and was glad to see that someone agreed with some of my assessments! And yes - where IS Dracula in the second half of the book??? It would have been so much more exciting if Stoker had included more suspense scenes/near deaths and misses with Dracula in the second half. I thought perhaps I was being too hard on the book!
While I agree with some points, Dracula was not meant to be a romance and the readers were not meant to feel sympathy for him. This review reads as if the reviewer doesn't know that Dracula was published in 1897. Dracula is a suspense, horror and Dracula is the bad guy. I do think there could've been more of Dracula in the book, but at the same time once we knew what Dracula was and who he was (more or less) the mystery was gone. From then on he makes for a passive villain, which does seem kind of lame. How the story is structured, through pieces, is meant to add to the feeling of story and suspense. I happened to read the B&N classics edition, which included commentary about the book. The many descriptions are meant to set the mood and feeling. Without considering this, I can imagine the descriptions feeling like overkill.
Dracula did NOT come "all the way from Transylvania to England to find Mina". He had grander designs, which was why he chose to go to London. Mina just happened to be staying in Seward's asylum at the time Renfield welcomed Dracula in - that was how he got to her. The whole reincarnation of Elisabetta thing was silly and frivolous.




