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<book id="80226">
  <title><![CDATA[Doubt: A History]]></title>
  <isbn><![CDATA[0060097957]]></isbn>
  <isbn13><![CDATA[9780060097950]]></isbn13>
    <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1224373524m/80226.jpg</image_url>
    <work>
  <best_book_id type="integer">80226</best_book_id>
  <books_count type="integer">3</books_count>
  <default_description>&#160;In an age of faith, Jennifer Michael Hecht celebrates doubt. Citing thinkers from Confucius and Maimonides to Ludwig Wittgenstein and Margaret Sanger, Hecht explains how skepticism has functioned throughout history as an engine of creativity. She describes how doubters and heretics have caused innovations in politics, religion, science, and cultural norms. Covering nearly all of extant written history, &lt;b&gt;Doubt: A History&lt;/b&gt; presents a counter-narrative to conventional intellectual histories.</default_description>
  <id type="integer">810463</id>
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  <original_publication_day type="integer" nil="true"></original_publication_day>
  <original_publication_month type="integer" nil="true"></original_publication_month>
  <original_publication_year type="integer">2003</original_publication_year>
  <original_title>Doubt: A History</original_title>
  <rating_dist>total:170|5:3|4:1|3:1|2:0|1:0|</rating_dist>
  <ratings_count type="integer">170</ratings_count>
  <ratings_sum type="integer">707</ratings_sum>
  <reviews_count type="integer">489</reviews_count>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">46</text_reviews_count>
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  <average_rating><![CDATA[4.16]]></average_rating>
  <ratings_count><![CDATA[161]]></ratings_count>
  <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[43]]></text_reviews_count>
  <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/80226.Doubt_A_History]]></url>
  <authors>
        <author id="45673">
      <name><![CDATA[Jennifer Michael Hecht]]></name>
      <role><![CDATA[]]></role>
      <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/45673.Jennifer_Michael_Hecht]]></url>
      <average_rating><![CDATA[4.09]]></average_rating>
      <ratings_count><![CDATA[690]]></ratings_count>
      <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[136]]></text_reviews_count>
    </author>
      </authors>
    <reviews start="1" end="20" total="489">
    <review id="17083397">
    <user id="965207">
    <name><![CDATA[Folboteur]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/965207-folboteur]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>7</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Wed Aug 01 00:00:00 -0700 2007</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Mar 05 10:03:13 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Mar 05 10:17:53 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[What is it they say?  &quot;History is written by the winners.&quot; <br/><br/>That is unless you're Howard Zinn (&quot;People's History of the United States&quot;) or Jennifer Michael Hecht, writing &quot;Doubt: A History.&quot;  No, I'm not calling these two &quot;losers,&quot; but they definite...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/17083397">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/17083397]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="26307762">
    <user id="1230601">
    <name><![CDATA[Todd]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Mapleton, UT]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1230601-todd]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>3</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 -0800 2007</read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Jul 04 12:31:56 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Jul 04 13:04:22 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Here's a little confession: I'm a doubter.  I always have been.  And given my very conservative Mormon family and the even more conservative Mormon community I live in, doubt is frowned upon.  More than that, it's considered a serious character flaw--something to be ashamed of, purged, and overcome ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/26307762">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/26307762]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="19856691">
    <user id="1066467">
    <name><![CDATA[Bob]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Southwick, MA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1066467-bob]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>2</votes>
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  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Apr 10 06:45:35 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Jul 30 05:06:04 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[An absorbing history of healthy skepticism through the ages.<br/><br/>Personally, I've always joked that Descartes' &quot;I think, therefore I am&quot; could be &quot;I doubt, therefore I may not be.&quot; In reading this book, I realize &quot;I think, therefore something thinks, but it's not nece...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/19856691">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/19856691]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="50174209">
    <user id="2154158">
    <name><![CDATA[April]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2154158-april-hamilton]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Mon Mar 23 09:48:07 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Mar 23 09:48:59 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This is a hefty, dense tome. There's a lot of quality analysis, history and argument here, but the problem with a book like this is that it's a 'preaching to the choir' sort of exercise. <br/><br/>People who are already somewhat doubtful of established cultural institutions will be nodding in agre...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/50174209">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/50174209]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="34742396">
    <user id="1599468">
    <name><![CDATA[Arrianne]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1599468-arrianne]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Oct 07 11:44:06 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Dec 29 12:11:27 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I have nearly reached the end and I know I will be starting again when I finish.  I enjoy Jennifer's writing style very much.  It feels to me like we're two friends walking though a museum and she's giving me the guided tour of my life.  She speaks to me in a conversational tone opening up my mind t...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/34742396">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/34742396]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="32056875">
    <user id="1468158">
    <name><![CDATA[Sammi]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Spokane, WA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1468158-sammi-murphy]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Mar 23 21:07:27 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Sep 04 20:23:34 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Mar 23 21:07:27 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Definitely enjoying.. a lot!<br/><br/>So far the chapter on Buddhism has given me the most to think about. Overall this book has morphed my thinking a little into... why can't pieces of doubt come together? I think doubt can shape the way we practice whatever it is we believe. Perhaps what formed ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/32056875">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/32056875]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="27417754">
    <user id="47354">
    <name><![CDATA[Dave]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Columbus, OH]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/47354-dave]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Jul 16 09:34:37 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Apr 23 08:51:55 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I bought the book shortly after it was first published.  I skimmed it, read the first chapter and set it aside.  Time to read it through.  I heard the author interviewed on &quot;Speaking of Faith&quot; and was intrigued by her premise for the book.  <br/><br/>A fascinating look at doubt through a...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27417754">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27417754]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="3677996">
    <user id="216702">
    <name><![CDATA[steve ross]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[New Haven, CT]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/216702-steve-ross]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[everyone with a working mind]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Jul 27 17:32:34 -0700 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Aug 02 16:41:16 -0700 2007</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Combines atheistic philosophy with poetic craft. Unlike many of the recent atheist-rants, Hecht’s history is a work of actual persuasive-writing, and its call for our stepping past religion, mainly because her argument is so effortless, is powerful. She’s a cool, welcoming voice to the fold of i...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/3677996">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/3677996]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="38164139">
    <user id="59739">
    <name><![CDATA[Shaun]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Ogden, UT]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/59739-shaun]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[thinkers]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Nov 19 14:35:08 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Nov 19 14:35:21 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Wow! This book is amazing at giving a history of doubt. I have always thought that skepticism and doubt was a big minority in the world (it still is). However, it's the second largest &quot;belief&quot; in the world (the first is Christianity). This book could be used as a text book in class, but it...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/38164139">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/38164139]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="42168760">
    <user id="1228813">
    <name><![CDATA[Paul]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Washington, DC]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1228813-paul-fidalgo]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Feb 16 00:00:00 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Jan 06 19:13:47 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Feb 16 15:49:23 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[A good read, but more importantly, a really solid education; Not simply in terms of the history of doubters, but the history of, well, thought. Of philosophy. For someone who didn't quite get the education he might have liked, this book is a great tour through different ways of thinking about the wo...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/42168760">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/42168760]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="78367414">
    <user id="2943925">
    <name><![CDATA[Nancy]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Lombard, IL]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2943925-nancy]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Nov 19 16:43:58 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Nov 19 17:04:15 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I have never learned so much from ONE book.<br/><br/>Jennifer Michael Hecht'a comprehension of history and philosophy is staggering. The &quot;doubt&quot; of which she speaks is the history of the doubting of God and gods in human thought and society. She goes from the ancient Greeks like Epicurus...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/78367414">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/78367414]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="14633838">
    <user id="877714">
    <name><![CDATA[Anthony]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Milwaukee, WI]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/877714-anthony]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sat Mar 01 00:00:00 -0800 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Feb 05 11:02:21 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Mar 26 09:21:57 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Insightful and interesting, as well as sweeping in scope. My only complaint is that Hecht sort of drops the ball towards the end. Doubt is the questioning of the established view, and when, in modern day, the established view is doubt, it seemed to me appropo to look at faith as doubt.<br/><br/>Bu...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/14633838">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/14633838]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="21034281">
    <user id="1118552">
    <name><![CDATA[Chris]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Goshen, IN]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1118552-chris]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
        <shelf name="deepthoughts" />
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sun Apr 01 00:00:00 -0700 2007</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Apr 26 09:45:33 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Apr 28 11:46:17 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Typically we measure a time period in history according to the heroes or champions of the day; instead, the author argues, it's really those who were the &quot;doubters&quot; that we should be looking at...for those are the people that affected change. ]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/21034281]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="72497383">
    <user id="330255">
    <name><![CDATA[Stven]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/330255-stven]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[Goodreads]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Fri Sep 25 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Sep 25 17:03:46 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Sep 26 09:24:07 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count>about two-fifths</read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I zoomed through the early chapter on how the Greeks got away from the idea of their (now characterized as &quot;mythological&quot;) gods were real, the Stoics, the Cynics, and the like.  I've found it slower going as the focus has moved through early Buddhism, Judaism, and the Roman grapplings with...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/72497383">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/72497383]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="30185626">
    <user id="1428084">
    <name><![CDATA[Rob]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1428084-rob]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Aug 14 18:43:19 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Aug 14 18:46:03 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I have no words to describe the brilliance and execution here.  If the title causes even the least spark of interest for you, read this book.  I'm sure this will be one of the most well-loved books on my shelves for the rest of my life.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/30185626]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="4105030">
    <user id="254680">
    <name><![CDATA[Ann]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/254680-ann]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sat Dec 01 00:00:00 -0800 2007</read_at>
  <date_added>Sun Aug 05 09:24:14 -0700 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Jul 26 10:58:54 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[An excellent, readable, throughly researched and noted history of religious doubt.  Great general reference book for those interested in countering the bile that spews from the mouths and keyboards of the religious wrong.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/4105030]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="35544860">
    <user id="739602">
    <name><![CDATA[Russell]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Asheville, NC]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/739602-russell]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Oct 17 07:58:50 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Oct 17 11:28:32 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This book is a joy to read for so many reasons that there's no point any even bothering to explain it. Just read it. You'll see what I mean.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/35544860]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="17581355">
    <user id="66118">
    <name><![CDATA[Laura]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Washington, DC]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/66118-laura]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
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  <read_at>Thu Apr 03 16:32:49 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Mar 12 06:20:07 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Apr 02 10:06:44 -0700 2008</date_updated>
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    <body><![CDATA[Puts a lot of things in context.  Very readable and most thought-provoking.  Highly recommended for thinking people everywhere.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/17581355]]></url>
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    <name><![CDATA[Kathy]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Boise, ID]]></location>        
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  <date_added>Sat Jul 12 18:00:11 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Jul 12 18:00:23 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Wonderful! A survey of history which was quite complete and integrated. I highly recommend this book and this author.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27074518]]></url>
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    <review id="77550601">
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    <name><![CDATA[Raphael]]></name>
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  <date_added>Thu Nov 12 09:27:02 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Nov 12 09:30:10 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I am currently on page 153, and I am already very disappointed with this book.  I had very high hopes for it -- the title alone sounded wonderful -- but the quality of the prose is terrible.  I am surprised Jennifer Hecht's editors approved the manuscript.  Furthermore, I am still not completely sur...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/77550601">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/77550601]]></url>
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