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Obedience to Authority

4.17 of 5 stars 4.17 · rating details · 963 ratings · 63 reviews

The Dilema of ObedienceObedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to. Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the man dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, through defiance or submission, to the commands of others. Obedience, as a determinant of behavior is of particular relevance...more The Dilema of ObedienceObedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to. Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the man dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, through defiance or submission, to the commands of others. Obedience, as a determinant of behavior is of particular relevance to our time. It has been reliably established that from 1933 to 1945 millions of innocent people were systematically slaughtered on command. Gas chambers were built, death camps were guarded, daily quotas of corpses were produced with the same efficiency as the manufacture of appliances. These inhumane policies may have originated in the mind of a single person, but they could only have been carried out on a massive scale if a very large number of people obeyed orders.

Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose. It is the dispositional cement that binds men to systems of authority. Facts of recent history and observation in daily life suggest that for many people obedience may be a deeply ingrained behavior tendency, indeed, a prepotent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct. C. P. Snow (1961) points to its importance when he writes:

When you think of the long and gloomy history of man, you will find more hideous crimes have been committed in the name of obedience than have ever been committed in the name of rebellion. If you doubt that, read William Sbirer's 'Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.' The German Officer Corps were brought up in the most rigorous code of obedience . . . in the name of obedience they were party to, andassisted in, the most wicked large scale actions in the history of the world. (p. 24)

The Nazi extermination of European Jews is the most extremeinstance of abhorrent immoral acts carried out by thousands ofpeople in the name of obedience. Yet in lesser degree this type ofthing is constantly recurring: ordinary citizens are ordered todestroy other people, and they do so because they consider ittheir duty to obey orders. Thus, obedience to authority, longpraised as a virtue, takes on a new aspect when it serves amalevolent cause; far from appearing as a virtue, it is transformedinto a heinous sin. Or is it?

The moral question of whether one should obey when commands conflict with conscience was argued by Plato, dramatized in "Antigone," and treated to philosophic analysis in every historical epoch Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, and even when the act prescribed by an authority is an evil one, it is better to carry out the act than to wrench at the structure of authority. Hobbes stated further that an act so executed is in no sense the responsibility of the person who carries it out but only of the authority that orders it. But humanists argue for the primacy of individual conscience in such matters, insisting that the moral judgments of the individual must override authority when the two are in conflict.

The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but an empirically grounded scientist eventually comes to the point where he wishes to move from abstract discourse to the careful observation of concrete instances. In order to take a close look at the act of obeying, I set up a simple experimentat Yale University. Eventually, the experiment was to involve more than a thousand participants and would be repeated at several universities, but at the beginning, the conception was simple. A person comes to a psychological laboratory and is told to carry out a series of acts that come increasingly into conflict with conscience. The main question is how far the participant will comply with the experimenter's instructions before refusing to carry out the actions required of him.

But the reader needs to know a little more detail about the experiment. Two people come to a psychology laboratory to take part in a study of memory and learning. One of them is designated as a "teacher" and the other a "learner." The experimenter explains that the study is concerned with the effects of punishment on learning. The learner is conducted into a room, seated in a chair, his arms strapped to prevent excessive movement, and an electrode attached to his wrist. He is told that he is to learn a list of word pairs; whenever he makes an error, be will receive electric shocks of increasing intensity.

The real focus of the experiment is the teacher. After watching the learner being strapped into place, he is taken into the main experimental room and seated before an impressive shock generator. Its main feature is a horizontal line of thirty switches, ranging from 15 volts to 450 volts, in 15-volt increments. There are also verbal designations which range from Slight SHOCK to Danger--Severe SHOCK. The teacher is told that he is to administer the learning test to the man in the other room. When the learner responds correctly, the teacher moves on to the next item; when the other man gives an incorrectanswer, the teacher is to give him an electric shock. He is to start at the lowest shock level ( 15 volts) and to increase the level each time the man makes an error, going through 30 volts, 45 volts, and so on.

The "teacher" is a genuinely naive subject who has come to the laboratory to participate in an experiment. The learner, or victim, is an actor who actually receives no shock at all. The point of the experiment is to see how far a person will proceed in a concrete and measurable situation in which he is ordered to inflict increasing pain on a protesting victim.(less)

Paperback, 256 pages

Published January 1st 1983 by Harper Perennial (first published 1974)

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Dec 09, 2010 Esteban del Mal rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction, meet-ze-monsta, when-the-world-was-new

Science!

***

I like to tell people that my first religious experience was seeing the music video for Peter Gabriel's song Shock the Monkey. This experience, coupled with some subsequent churchgoing misadventures in my adolescence, is why I always have to suppress the desire to throw poop whenever I pass a church.

Hardly scientific, but it gets my point across: I don't do well with authority.

Stanley Milgram is a pioneer in social psychology. Why? Because he convinced people -- good, churchgoing pe...more

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Sep 24, 2009 David rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: read-in-2009

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) made several groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of human behavior. He was a master of particularly inventive research: for instance, he devised the experimental method to investigate path lengths in social networks, establishing what is variously referred to as the "small world" effect, the Kevin Bacon effect, or "six degrees of separation".

He will always be remembered, however, as the man who conducted the “obedience studies”, a controversial series o...more Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) made several groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of human behavior. He was a master of particularly inventive research: for instance, he devised the experimental method to investigate path lengths in social networks, establishing what is variously referred to as the "small world" effect, the Kevin Bacon effect, or "six degrees of separation".

He will always be remembered, however, as the man who conducted the “obedience studies”, a controversial series of tests performed at Yale in the early 1960s. These experiments investigated the degree to which people could be persuaded to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform cruel acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. The experiments were highly controversial, partly because of ethical questions raised by the study protocol, partly because the results were completely at variance with what psychologists had predicted.

The view of human behavior that emerges from the results of Milgram’s experiments is thoroughly depressing. As Milgram puts it, With numbing regularity, good people were seen to knuckle under to the demands of authority and perform actions that were callous and severe. It seems that obedience to authority is hardwired very strongly into the human psyche, so strongly that in many cases it overrides the normal restraints that prevent us from lapsing into barbarism. This conclusion and the experiments that supported it were harshly criticized when Milgram’s results first appeared. Subsequent work, such as Philip Zimbardo’s infamous Stanford prisoner study, and events such as the My Lai massacre, or the abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraeb, has corroborated Milgram’s conclusions many times over, and has shown that they appear to remain invariant across different countries and cultures. The (very thin) silver lining is that, even as the participants in Milgram’s studies were demonstrating their repeated willingness to submit helpless strangers to (what they believed to be) near lethal electric shocks, they were doing so out of an exaggerated respect for “authority” and not, for example, because of some inherent latent streak of depravity that made them want to hurt the experimental subject.

Milgram victim

Milgram Obedience Experiments "Victim"

In the book, Milgram gives an impressively clear account of the experimental objectives and procedures. For each of the 18 experiments in the series, main summary results are presented. Milgram includes summaries of subjects’ prediction of their own behavior – the enormous discrepancy between predicted and actual behavior is one of the most interesting aspects of these studies. Roughly 700 to 800 subjects participated in total (roughly 40 per experiment) – the vast majority were male, though one of the later protocols enrolled women only (women’s and men’s results were essentially similar). Individual narratives (transcripts of a subject’s comments during the experimental session) are included for about a dozen participants.

Final chapters of the book are given over to Milgram’s interpretation of the results. He also addresses some of the criticisms that were leveled against the experiments (the book was written ten years after completion of the research). My edition contains an introduction by Philip Zimbardo, author of the Stanford Prison experiment, written in 2009.

This is an extremely well-written account of an important series of experiments. The results are simultaneously engrossing and horrifying.

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Jun 22, 2008 Rich V rated it 4 of 5 stars

Were Nazi soldiers just following orders in WWII? How would civilians in the U.S. respond to demands from authority figures to perform seemingly immoral acts? Where does the "just following orders" response fall on the scale of moral behavior?

Milgram conducted an experiment in which individuals were asked to administer increasingly intense shocks to an unseen test subject in the next room, whenever the subject answered a question incorrectly. Some individuals refused to continue administering s...more

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Apr 23, 2012 Abraham rated it 5 of 5 stars

An oldie but goodie.

Milgram did the famous "Milgram Experiments" on obedience about 60 years ago, or more, but they are fascinating. For those of you who don't know, the Milgram experiments involved inviting unwitting people to come into a Yale laboratory to assist with an experiment that was allegedly about the effects of punishment on learning word pairs. In reality, the experiment was to see how far people would go in punishing other people whom they had never met. The "learner" (who was an...more

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Jul 29, 2011 Dave added it

I think most people have at least heard of Stanley Milgram's famous experiment whereby he tested people's obedience to authority. The experiment is fiendishly clever. The subject is led to believe that they are the 'teacher' in an experiment about human memory. The 'student' is an actor. The 'experimenter' instructs the teacher to administer successively more powerful electric shocks to the student on each missed or wrong answer. Out of the thousands of people so tested, quite a few went all the...more

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Nov 15, 2009 Steven Peterson rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is a classic work. It would also be unlikely to be approved by human subjects' review processes these days. Almost anyone who has taken an introductory psychology course will be familiar with the outlines of the piece of research described by Stanley Milgram in this book.

If you don't recall the author's name, you might recall the experiment. This is where people recruited to participate in the study were instructed to administer electric "shocks" to a person "wired" to a "generator." Of cou...more

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Jan 25, 2011 Guy rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: multiple-reads

This is a powerful cautionary tale about the nature of the human sheep. I see this book as an impetus for those truly interested in their own true individuality to begin the challenging, even painful, task of examining themselves in order to see and even understand where it is within them. Especially where they don't expect it, in the unconscious accepted truths of some so-called authority that they are following but which are invalid and destructive either personally or socially.

This book was...more This is a powerful cautionary tale about the nature of the human sheep. I see this book as an impetus for those truly interested in their own true individuality to begin the challenging, even painful, task of examining themselves in order to see and even understand where it is within them. Especially where they don't expect it, in the unconscious accepted truths of some so-called authority that they are following but which are invalid and destructive either personally or socially.

This book was one of the most important ones I read in that it began in me the unstoppable need to question the authority of the media. It raised in my mind the strength and impetus to really see the nature of how the media presents its 'truths,' and the the truths of those who support their corporatist owner's ideology. What do I mean by that? Just listen to the parade of experts and so-called experts that they use to influence every human behaviour from buying the right hamburger or the right government, to agreeing to seeking WMD's in a foreign desert or abolishing civil liberties in the name of terror. (I didn't discover Chomsky until about ten years after first reading Obedience.)

I read Obedience the first time in 1981, and then re-read it in the 1990s. As I get older, and as I see countries like the USA spend their wealth building bombers and invading other countries instead of keeping band classes in their public schools, or rebuilding the lives of their own countrymen devastated by hurricane Katrina, it strikes me as an even more accurate testament to human sheep-dom than I had originally feared when I read it even fifteen years ago. It is with great authority that their governance justifies impoverishing the population and the greater social infrastructures for the sake of greater goods and so-called homeland security.

Obedience to authority is alive and well. And so it is that when the one enlightened lemming stumbled into the other enlightened lemming, it said "We're going the wrong way!" Between breaths, the other agreed, "Yes, yes we are!"(less)

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Dec 25, 2012 Joanne rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

There were sections that I found very interesting and engaging. Namely, the sections detailing the different experiments and the subjects' reactions to the experiment and their subsequent thoughts on it.

The chapters that were not so interesting to me were the ones about the reasons behind the actions of the subjects. While necessary I got lost in the sentences and really couldn't engage with these chapters of the books. It took me quite awhile to read these compared to the other chapters. Howeve...more

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Jul 14, 2012 Brian rated it 5 of 5 stars

Extremely insightful and highly worth reading. If you're a rebel or conformist, you'll be surprised at all the trappings of authority, and how many people (men and women) went to 450 volts three times in a row simply because a fellow in a lab coat said so.

I'll share this:

"The behavior revealed in the experiments reported here is normal human behavior but revealed under conditions that show with particular clarity the danger to human survival inherent in our make-up. And what is it we have seen?...more

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May 08, 2010 Shiv rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Starting in 1961 American psychologist Stanley Milgram started a series of experiments which were to become some of the most famous and revealing in history. After the Nuremberg Trials a lot of people were asking how the Nazis could have carried out the atrocities they did, and a common defense presented by those on trial was "I was following orders". It was hard to believe, however, that people could really commit such heinous acts simply because they were ordered to. Milgrams experiments showe...more

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Jun 06, 2012 Claire rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition Recommends it for: those into psychology, sociology, research fields in these areas, war atrocities

Shelves: social-commentry, psychiatric

Reading about scientific experiments written up this was is so enjoyable for me! This books steps you through Milgram's classic studies - which are more numerous than I was aware of, in terms of variation. It's a good example of how acute and critical yet open thinking in research can bring about a deeper understanding of human behavior. He and whoever he was working with, clearly explored a good number of possible explanations for displays of obedience in the presence of an authority.

(view spoi ...more

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Jan 10, 2013 Ling rated it 4 of 5 stars

This is an absolutely fantastic book. I hesitate to give it 5 stars because I reserve 5 stars for my favorite books ever. But make no mistake, this book is fantastic.
I'm not usually interested in psychology related books and I hesitated reading this book, thinking it might be a great bore and I may not even finish it. But I was mistaken. I was pleasantly surprised by how readable it is and how endlessly entertaining it is. I highly recommend this book for general readers and social scientists al...more

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Jan 25, 2010 Adam Kranz rated it 5 of 5 stars

Recommended to Adam by: Freshman Studies

Shelves: non-fiction, science, the-problem-of-civilization, freshman-studies-09-10, wealth-and-power-inequality, school-reading

Milgram's book came at a fortuitous time for me, a time when I was experiencing a paradigm shift towards an obsession with social determinism. I had to read the book as part of my University's Freshman Studies curriculum, but I found that it fit extremely nicely into my personal intellectual search to understand what I refer to as the "Problem of Civilization." I had learned that there was a problem (a very serious one, at that) and I had learned what that problem was and how it worked.

But I di...more

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Dec 09, 2012 Colin rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

An in depth look at a the classic examination of people and their willingness to obey to others. This book is a look at the classic experiment that occured on the Yale campus in the the early 1960s. There were many other experiments done testing certain parameters within the original design set up by Milgram. At the end of the book a great quote/lesson from the experiment appears. It goes "it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that deter...more

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Mar 02, 2013 Bonnie added it

This book is a must read for all. It shows the social experiments in obedience to an perceived authority. This offers insight into many other social problems that occur in society under bad authorities. For example social institutions such as Nazi's, slavery or other regimes that are horrific executions to the demise of innocent people through an organized "legal" authority. It is good to practice civil disobedience in most cases however people tend to go along with cruel and inhumane acts if or...more

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Mar 11, 2012 Kenneth rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

"Why did you do that?"
"Because I was told to."

Or put another way, which didn't wash at the Nuremberg war trials, "I was only following orders." This book explores, through a classic experiment, the horrifying lengths that pefectly ordinary people will go to in obedience to authority and how they think that authority relieves them of personal responsibility for their actions. The tragedy is that those of us like me, who have a deep suspicion of authority, will read this book. Those who have faith...more

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Jan 26, 2009 Nicholas rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: psychology

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. The best part were the recorded dialogues. Reading about people's reactions to what they were doing was really cool.

The main question is what if you used the power of authority to get people to do things they didn't think that they could do. Good things. Actions that they are afraid of.

Another interesting point was the cognitive dissonance experienced after the experiment was done. The rationalizations people made. Blaming it on the learner.

It was not the authority of the particular people but t...more

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Nov 11, 2007 Nancy rated it 4 of 5 stars

This is a great followup to the Lucifer Effect, an account off the Stanford Prison Experiments, which I also recently read. Milgram gives a very readable and concise review of his famous experiments in which subjects were asked to administer painful shocks to strangers, ostensibly as part of a memory experiment. While the experimenters initially assumed that their subjects would refuse to go on as soon as the "learner" expressed discomfort, most continued despite hearing agonized screams, and ma...more

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Aug 18, 2007 John Wiswell rated it 5 of 5 stars Recommends it for: Psychology readers, philosophy readers, history readers, cultural readers

Stanley Milgram's experiments changed American psychology, for better and for worse. The test subject was attached to electrodes and answered a series of questions. If he got them wrong, he was electrocuted. He was hurt worse the more questions he got wrong. The shocks were administered a second man, while a third observed, gave the questions and gave the orders for shocks. But this wasn't a study of negative reinforcement; the test subject wasn't the real subject at all. He was an actor, preten...more

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Jul 30, 2011 Canard Frère added it · review of another edition

Le descriptif d'une expérience psychologique des années 60, consistant à observer jusqu'à quel point l'obéissance à un ordre extérieur peut prendre le pas sur les scrupules de l'exécutant. Le livre est assez fascinant dans le détail des réactions des sujets (début d'effondrement nerveux pour certains, impassibilité feinte pour d'autres, etc), et finalement un peu inquiétant quand on constate la propension majoritaire à obéir de façon quasi-aveugle à des ordres pourtant iniques.

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Feb 25, 2012 Ritja rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: fachbücher, usa

Stanley Milgrams Experiment, dass die Gehorsamkeit der Menschen gegenüber der Autorität beweisen soll. Zudem soll festgestellt werden, wie weit Menschen gehen, wenn ihnen etwas befohlen wird. Ab wann widersetzen sich Menschen, wenn sie mit bestimmten Befehlen oder Anweisungen nicht einverstanden sind? Wie sehr nehmen sie Verletzungen und Schmerzen anderer in Kauf, um Anweisungen ausführen zu können? Sehr anschaulich beschrieben und zum Teil mit erschreckenden Ergebnissen

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Jun 05, 2013 Yingtai Zhu rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: psychology

I thought I knew all about this experiment from reading other sources, but of course I was wrong. Milgram carried out something like 16 variations of the experiment, and he thought really hard and insightfully about it. He doesn't just quote Freud, Kohlberg, Asch and other psychologists of his time, but also philosophers like Hannah Arendt.

I will say the first half (describing the experiments) is more worth reading than the second half (discussion), which I skimmed.

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May 09, 2011 Erin rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Recommended to Erin by: self

Shelves: non-fiction, psychology, science

An extended documentation of Milgram's classic experiments structured much like a peer-reviewed journal article, but less academic and more elaborated. Brilliant idea, tight method, and eloquent theory-based conclusions. At times, repetitive => my only complaint.

I was most impressed by Milgram's use of psychological theory from disciplines other than his own (i.e., social psychology). His integration of cognitive and psychoanalytic theory into explanations for findings demonstrates that he w...more

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Sep 09, 2009 Charles rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: own, seriously

This was the first book I bought from Half Priced Books. I picked it from the top of a pile of copies that I assumes were part of a classroom set, and it was a real eye opener (back in high school, anyway). the lesson I took away from it was that Authority and Right are not the same thing and that while the former is easy enough to recognize (and Right much more tricky), it should not be confused with the latter.

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Apr 19, 2010 Kevin2 added it

This book was a book that i used to help me in my Exhibition paper. this book is about a psychologist's experiment and about how he interpreted it. it talks about how the people of the experiment acted and how it connected to the holocaust during WWII. the one thing that shocked me was the results on how many people went through and some of their comments after they knew what was going on.

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Aug 01, 2007 Brian Ayres rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Of all of the areas of disagreement in the West from a psychological standpoint, the one that always pops up in my psychology courses is the idea that our behavior is caused by free will or choice. I encourage anyone who doubts the influence of authority and our natural instinct to form and follow social units to read Milgram's study that lays out the conditions for obedience. This books lays out the 18 variations of his classic "shock" experiments at Yale. People who are willing to deliver dead...more

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Jan 02, 2013 Gayle Gordon rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: borrowed, non-fiction

I have heard of this experiment for a long time and I'm thrilled to have finally read Milgram's account of it. It amazes me that so many people in so many permutations and repetitions of the experiment failed to defy the experimenter! It's a scary view of human nature, but one we have to take seriously.

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Feb 20, 2011 Billie Mulcahy rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: psychology

This is the classic study done by Stanley Milgram on how compliant subjects were to authority. The study was carried out in the early 1960's and the results are frightening. This study could not be done today because of more stringent rules regarding the use of human subjects. This is a book that everyone should read.

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Mar 18, 2012 Danie Jorgenson rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: to-own, must-reads-before-you-die

i loved reading this book even though it was research for a paper in my sociology because of its lessons it had to teach. The lessons are scary but necessary to confront in any time of how far the human species can go and truly feel with all their heart "their just following orders"

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Oct 23, 2012 Derek Sillerud rated it 4 of 5 stars

Simply terrifying. We would all like to think that we would be smart enough not to play along, but it's something we do everyday without even realizing. At least, that's what I got out of this.

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About Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a social psychologist at Yale University, Harvard University and the City University of New York. While at Harvard, he conducted the small-world experiment (the source of the six degrees of separation concept), and while at Yale, he conducted the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority. He also introduced the concept of familiar strang...more

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The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments

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“ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.” — 6 people liked it

“But the culture has failed, almost entirely, in inculcating internal controls on actions that have their origin in authority. For this reason, the latter constitutes a far greater danger to human survival.” — 6 people liked it

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