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The Invention of the Jewish People

by Shlomo Sand, Yael Lotan (Translator)

4.11 · rating details · 89 ratings · 33 reviews

A historical tour de force that demolishes the myths and taboos that have surrounded Jewish and Israeli history, The Invention of the Jewish People offers a new account of both that demands to be read and reckoned with. Was there really a forced exile in the first century, at the hands of the Romans? Should we regard the Jewish people, throughout two millennia, as both a d...more

Hardcover, 432 pages

Published October 1st 2009 by Verso (first published September 3rd 2008)

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Oct 30, 2011

Христо Блажев rated it

Как сa измислени еврейската и другите нации по света – “Изобретяването на еврейския народ” от проф. Шломо Занд
http://www.knigolandia.info/2011/05/blog...

Да напишеш такава книга е безкрайно трудно. Още повече ако се числиш към еврейския народ, въобразил си уникалност и самовнушена богоизбраност. И готов на всичко, за да превърне в несъмнена истина хардкор фентъзито “Стар Завет”, без подбор на средства и методи. Не, това не е антисемитизъм, както ще има вряскания до небето. То...more

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Jul 28, 2011

Steve Cran added it

Forget about everything you may have learned in Hebrew school, this book is a myth buster. It is common knowledge that according to the Bible the Jewish people started with Abrahamin Mesopotamia and then went to Egypt to be slave and then was redeemed. After wandering the desert for forty years under the leadership of Moses they came to Canaan where Joshua the brilliant military commander drove out the Canaanites in a lightning fast victory. King David and his son Solomon would form man empire ...moreForget about everything you may have learned in Hebrew school, this book is a myth buster. It is common knowledge that according to the Bible the Jewish people started with Abrahamin Mesopotamia and then went to Egypt to be slave and then was redeemed. After wandering the desert for forty years under the leadership of Moses they came to Canaan where Joshua the brilliant military commander drove out the Canaanites in a lightning fast victory. King David and his son Solomon would form man empire and build massive building in Jerusalem. Later on still the Babylonians and the Roman would drive the Jews from their land and into exile.

The author, a professor from Tel Aviv University, makes good use of current archeological excavation that show that the bible is far from 100% correct. There is no outside reference In Egyptian in any other annals of the Israelites engaging in a mass escape from Egypt. Moses left with 600 thousand male from Egypt along with their families. This large number would have left some archaeological residue in the Sinai Desert. There is none to be found. Excavation in Jerusalem and the West Bank show no evidence of any of the building built by Solomon. Tere is proof however of the Canaanite buildings and there civilization. The building in the North that are attributed to King Solomon. Have actually been built by later Israelite kings long after the supposed Israelite monarchy split into two kingdoms. Jerusalem was naught more than a small village whose population was in decline when King David was supposed to be in power. The lightning fast victories of Joshua are not real. The cities he conquered had fallen Hundreds if not thousands of years apart. The Israelite started appearing gradually on the scene as an outgrowth off the original Canaanite People. They were not monotheistic and many worshiped the other Canaanite gods. The bible was fully written in the Babylonian Exile by the priests and their scribes. It was in Babylon that the elite who were exiled mad e the religion exclusive and strictly monotheistic. Jewish scholarship has known this for a very long time.

The exile is a MYTH. When the Babylonians andd the Assyrians came and invaded ancient Israel.They only deported the Elite and member of the Army. Most of the peasants and farmers were allowed to stay. The Romans did not have the means of moving a large population out of the country hence in that case too only a small number left. In fact a careful reading of historical sources shows that there is reference to an invasion and that many Judeans were killed but there is no reference to an exile or deportations. It can only be assumed that most of them stayed put. This can be evidenced by the fact that jewish life continued to thrive some two hundred years after the Jewish Revolts against Rome. After all the Talmud was written there, the Jerusalem Talmud that is. The early Zionist historians had to deal with this fact when writing the history of the Jewish people a history that would justify building a country in Palestine. Many like Dinur said that there was a Jewish majority up until the time the Muslim armies invaded the Middle East. But there is no mention of deportation of people leaving the country. What ever happened to all those Jews. The Iraqi Rabbi makes a comment that he is worried about all the Jews in Judea accepting the religion of Islam. The Judean peasant may have choosen Islam for a variety of reasons. One was that those who weere not Muslims had to pay heavy protection taxes. A conversion to Islam would annul the protection tax. Besides many Jews did believve that Muhammad was a prophet that came to redeem them and many Jews did in fact fight on behalf of the Islamic Armies during their conquests. This being stated prior to the arab riot of 1929 many zionist leaders including Ben Gurion and Ben Tzvi believed that the local fellahin arabs in Palestine at the time were descendant from Ancient Judeans. Some villages even had a Sharia al Khalil. Something seperate from the Koran. The Palestinians are the descendants of the Ancient Israelites who were never deported from the country.

If the Judeans were nver expelled en masse from the country theen where did all these Jewish communities come from. The author makes a strong case that most of these communities deescended from converts. The official Jewish line is that they do not accept converts. In fact there are contradictory statement in both the Bible and the Talmud with regards to converts. Some of these comments are positive and some are negative. None the less Jewish history is replete with example of mass conversions into the Jewish religion. During the Hasmonean time is when most of these communities of converts came into being. Hellenism made Judaism more universalistic and many societies broke down many wall and questioned their old pagan ways. The Jews themselves were very Hellenistic even having Greek names. The Hasmoneans forcibly converted the Idumeans in the South and the Itrurians in the North. In Egyp there was a large Jewish community that spoke only greek. Tractate and translations of the bible were written for the express purpose of converting. In Elephantine a Jewish temple was discovered. There documents in Persian but none in Aramaic or Hebrew. In fact these Jewish communities that sprang up spoke their native language not Judean Hebrew. In fact 8-10 citizens in the Roman empire were Jews. This is attested to in the writing of many Roman historians. To say that they all ccame from Judea is impossible. The most that could live in Judea at that time was maybe a little over a million. They could not all have radiated out of that small place.
Many women were inclined to acccept the Jewish religion. In fact there was a planned massacre in Damascus but it was called off , because the men thought that they would be massacred in their sleep by their wives who secretly practiced Judaism. There were also Jewish kingdoms in Several location. The most noteable is thee Khazar kingdom just north of Iran. There was also Adiabene which was Jewish and assisted the Judeans during their revolt against the Roman. There was also Dahiua El Kahina the Jewish Berber queen who fought against the Armies of Islam and eventually lost. Her two sons converted to Islam and joined the other side. There was also the Himyar Kingdom in Yemen that was eventually overthrown by Ethiopia aided by Rome.

For Jewish history most people relied on the Old Testament. The last complete History of the Jewish people in anccient times was composed by Josephus Flavius. This was based on the Old Testament. A history off the Jewish people would not be written until the early 1800's by Protestants. Jewish Historians like Jost wrote a history of the Jews but it was thorugh the perspective off the Jews being a followers of a religion not a race or people. Later Salo Baron would write a History that documented the Jews as a people but that most of their development would occur in Exile . Graetz and other historians would make the religious following into a people that centered on the importance of land.

The last chapter goes on about European racial theories and how Zionism was a product of that time. There was talk of Jewish blood and the need to grow healthy again by working the land in Israel. Genetic testing is touched upon with some of the finding proving to be conclusive and other not so conclusive. It seems that politics has a way of coloring scientific experiments. The author finishes off with a discussion on the state of israelcomparing it to other democracies in the world and a cry to make it a country for all of it's citizens.(less)

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Jun 24, 2011

Jorge rated it

Shelves: history, atheism-religion

The Invention of the Jewish People by Shlomo Sand

"The Invention of the Jewish People" is an interesting yet controversial scholarly book about Jewish history through the eyes of leading historian Shlomo Sand. What makes this book controversial is the fact that the author denies such a thing as a Jewish "race" that were descendents of the first exiles with everything that it entails. This 344-page book is composed of the following five major chapters: 1. Making Na...more

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Sep 20, 2010

Geoffery rated it

Even though it is a detailed academic study, it is a pleasure to read. The language is crisp (some of the plaudits here must go to the translator). But what I found particularly enjoyable was the progressive building of the argument, citing source after source, evaluating them as adding (or not) to the tower of knowledge he constructs.
What is a 'nation'? Is there (was there ever?) a Jewish nation? The constuction of myths cast as history, such as the invention of the exile of the Jews.The...more

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Sep 14, 2010

Clif rated it

I have written reviews of many books here. If there is one above all the rest that I would like others to read it would be this one.

Regardless of the country you call home, it rests on a foundation of myths, stories of the distant past that unite the citizenry. Israel is no exception, yet the story of the historical Jews is one that more people in the United States are familiar with that that of any other people.

Shlomo Sand begins his book discussing definitions - what ar...more

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Feb 07, 2010

jordan rated it

While Shlomo Sand’s “Invention of the Jewish People” has attracted endless accolades from partisans with an axe to grind – though not always exactly the same axe as the author – any close scrutiny reveals the book to be little more than a collection of strawmen arguments forming a feeble foundation for a weak argument. Time and again, Sand rails against a scholarly consensus which seems to exist only in his mind and ignores the considerable primary source evidence that undermines his case.
...more While Shlomo Sand’s “Invention of the Jewish People” has attracted endless accolades from partisans with an axe to grind – though not always exactly the same axe as the author – any close scrutiny reveals the book to be little more than a collection of strawmen arguments forming a feeble foundation for a weak argument. Time and again, Sand rails against a scholarly consensus which seems to exist only in his mind and ignores the considerable primary source evidence that undermines his case.

Consider for example, his “bold” assertions about the lack of historicity of the Hebrew Bible or successful proselytization by Jews in the ancient world. The former is of course particularly amusing to anyone with even a passing familiarity with Jewish history. One could make good money betting that Sand could walk the length and breath of Tel Aviv’s history department and not find a single faculty member who would make a claim that the Hebrew Bible could be read as a history book (I might even go further, and say he could probably jump on the bus and do the same at Orthodox Bar-Ilan University’s history department and still come up empty handed). The same could be said about claims with the subject of large scale conversion, a topic attested to by diverse ancient sources and widely written about by modern scholars. For those readers interested in this topic, I would heartily recommend Seth Schwartz’s provocative and well researched “Imperialism and Jewish Society.” Unlike Sand, Schwartz is both familiar with the relevant ancient sources and reads the languages necessary to work directly from the original source texts.

Of course, where Sand really goes off the intellectual rails is where he goes further afield from the scholarly consensus. No where is this clearer than in his assertions of Eastern European Jewry originating with the refugees from the central Asian Khazar Kingdom – I used the term “assertion” intentionally, for the claim lacks even sufficient evidence to bring it to the level of a theory. Nor can Sand even bring himself to deal with the substantial evidence against this notion which has it origin with the late 19th century racist Ernest Renan, instead resorting to invective and hyperbole for lack of a rational argument. Instead, for example, in engaging in the genetic data which has appeared in numerous peer reviewed journals, Sand scorns the entire exercise by invoking the ghastly horrors of Nazi psudo-science. As with much of Sand’s method in this book, one must assume that this rejection is selective to the Jewish case. Genetic comparison is widely used in the historical analysis of migration patterns. One can hardly imagine Professor Sand, for example, at a conference on the Norman roots of the northern French castigating some presenter of genetic data as a Nazi. No, one suspects for Sand this epithet’s use is limited primarily in an attempt to silence Jewish critics.

As with his treatment of conversion in the ancient world, on the Khazars as well, Sand makes odd claims that his writing is somehow revelatory. Putting aside anecdotal data, such as my own memory of Jewish Khazaria being well known and widely discussed in my own youth, Pulitzer prize winner, Michael Chabon recently wrote an adventure novel which took place almost entirely in that ancient Jewish Kingdom. And, should any wishing to leap to Sand’s defense want to claim that this novel, “Gentleman of the Road,” is somehow obscure, it was actually serialized in that rarely read journal, The NY Times Sunday Magazine.
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Sep 29, 2010

Monty rated it

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The book makes the point that there really wasn't a diaspora and that the majority of European Jews really do not have Semitic genes because most of the Jews in Europe historically were converts. Hence, the author says that Israel was founded on a sham, and that there should be steps taken to include Palestinians as rightful residents of Israel along with the present Jewish population. The book is extremely well documented though tedious for me to read at times because of that. Maps would hav...more

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May 15, 2010

Arpan rated it

This book caused a lot of controversy in Israel and elsewhere for stating the obvious: that contemporary Jews are probably not the descendants of the ancient Israelites, but are instead gentiles from various parts of the world whose ancestors had converted to Judaism at some point. Sand supports this argument with plenty of citations, relying mostly on Hebrew sources, astonishingly enough, the cultural importance of which (as the book shows) has largely been systematically diminished in global ...more

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Aug 24, 2010

Jonathan rated it

Shelves: history, nonfiction, judaism

Shlomo Sand, a professor of history at Tel Aviv University, writes about the genesis of the idea "Jewish People." His main goal is to demonstrate that this idea, contrary to its inherent myth of being timeless, originated with the rise of nationalism in the 19th Century, at the same time that other national ideas such as "German People," "Italian People," and so on were being developed.

Sand makes additional controversial claims based on his historical re...more

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Nov 05, 2011

Marie-aimée rated it

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Shelves: fr, political

J'ai trouvé très intéressant la manière d'aborder la question de la nation : un retour aux significations et aux évolutions étymologiques de la nation, de même que leurs appréhension dans le contexte historique qui prédétermine bien souvent l'orientation de la définition. De manière concise, les termes de race, peuple, ethnies sont envisagés avec l'idée de nation, ses relations avec la religion, l'État mais aussi les intellectuels, et le corps professoral.

« La naissance de la nation...moreJ'ai trouvé très intéressant la manière d'aborder la question de la nation : un retour aux significations et aux évolutions étymologiques de la nation, de même que leurs appréhension dans le contexte historique qui prédétermine bien souvent l'orientation de la définition. De manière concise, les termes de race, peuple, ethnies sont envisagés avec l'idée de nation, ses relations avec la religion, l'État mais aussi les intellectuels, et le corps professoral.

« La naissance de la nation est, bien sûr, un véritable processus historique, mais non un phénomène purement spontané. Pour renforcer le sentiment abstrait de fidélité au groupe, la nation avait besoin, comme la communauté religieuse avant elle, de rituels, de fêtes, de cérémonies et de mythes. Pour se délimiter et se fondre dans une seule entité rigide, il lui fallait des activités culturelles publiques continues ainsi que l'intervention d'une mémoire collective unificatrice. Un nouvel ensemble de normes et de pratiques internes était également nécessaire à la formation d'une méta-conscience, une sorte d'idéologie unifiante, ce que constitue la doctrine nationale. »
Dans "Fabriquer des nations. Souveraineté et égalité"

Puis à partir de ces explications Shlomo Sand questionne le cas du peuple juif et de la nation d'Israël, ses mythes, ses fondements. Ce qu'il réfute, c'est l'idée d'une unité que sous-entend l'emploi de "peuple juif", autant dans les mœurs et modes de vies, que dans l'histoire. Sa réflexion intellectuelle est adroitement mise au service de ses opinions politiques, car il conserve son objectivité. Dans un interview, il déclarait ceci : "Je crois que le sionisme a créé une société, qui a le droit d'exister [...] je n'accepte évidemment pas ses frontières actuelles [...] mais je défends la légitimité de cet État, qui ne repose pas sur l'existence mythique du "peuple juif", mais sur la légalité du droit international. Il faut accepter, pour cela, de renoncer aux mythes." (l'Histoire, n°343, juin 2009)(less)

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May 16, 2011

Steven Salaita rated it

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This book is worth reading no matter your politics. Sand is a decent writer and shares lots of interesting information. I'm skeptical in general of claims of the past as inspirations for ethnonationalism and so I agree with Sand's broad anti-nationalist pov despite not knowing enough about Jewish history to comment on that aspect of his book. I wish that he would have made a better historical and theoretical distinction between "nation" and "nation-state." He often uses t...more

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Oct 23, 2011

بثينة العيسى rated it

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Recommends it for: Arabs, Palestinians, and especially Jews

What a book!
This book exposes how fragile and vulnerable is the state of Israel, mainly because it is relying on biblical myths to construct its Zionist ideology and Jewish identity, rather than on actual history proven by archeological and biological research.

It is said that this book is another nail in the coffin of Zionism and I couldn't agree more. Unless the state of Israel starts acknowledging it's moral Schizophrenia and political hypocrisy, and it's discriminatory/ rac...more

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Jun 20, 2010

Judy rated it

This is a really excellent and brilliantly original book written about the origins of the 'Jewish people'. Shlomo Sand, who is an Israeli historian, shows that in fact European Jews were converts to the religion rather than being descendents of a Jewish 'race'. By the same token, he maintains and that the original Jews who stayed in their country of origin eventually converted to Islam and are today's or many Jews wish to hear though I gather it was a best seller in Israel. As a 'Jew' in name, b...more

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Jun 14, 2011

Deborah rated it

· review of another edition

Professor Sand, who teaches film history and modern political French history, opines that the Jewish people is a construct invented some time in the 19th century. This book is his argument in support of his opinion. It's also, if unwittingly, Sand's argument in favor of writing about what one knows. Presumably, Sand knows film history and modern French political history. What this book makes clear is that Sand does NOT know ancient or medieval history, or Jewish history. The professor also seems...more

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Sep 17, 2010

Mike Bauldree is currently reading it

Just started this book so do not yet have a strong opinion.

I do find this quote from the NYTimes review interesting:

"Professor Sand accuses Zionist historians from the 19th century onward — the very same scholars on whose work he bases his case — of hiding the truth and creating a myth of shared roots to strengthen their nationalist agenda. He explains that he has uncovered no new information, but has “organized the knowledge differently.” In other words, he is doing...more

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Sep 27, 2010

Bob Groves rated it

Very interesting book. Sand describes Jewish History as cultural or religious instead of racial or genetic. He thus undermines the claims of Zionists that they have a direct link to Israel. It turns out that Jews, like Frenchmen, Scotts, Germans, etc, etc, have an invented, mythical history. The history of the spread of the Jewish religion described here is complex and occurs on different fronts; through conversion by persuasion, convenience, political expediency and force.

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Nov 28, 2010

John rated it

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Shelves: history, politics

Everyone who is concerned about the conflicted land of Palestine should read this book. It is not always an easy read, but this makes the nuggets of historical investigation even more surprising and revelatory when they appear. We need more books like this which show the way towards a sensible debate on the Middle East and how a people - the Palestinians - are being persecuted on the basis of a false claim that others have a stronger entitlement to the land that is theirs.

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Sep 24, 2011

Sally Rosalina marked it as to-read

For now I can only put the book on my wish-listed. But some references point out that it reveals no Exodus but Jews converting to Islam. If Jews converted to Islam then it means the Palestinians are the Chosen People. Also see this: http://inventionofthejewishpeople.com/

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Sep 10, 2011

ala' is currently reading it

طويلا انتظرت أن أحصل على هذا الكتاب ، يقال ان شلومو ساند هو ذاته جندي الزنابق البيضاء الذي كتب عنه درويش ، عموما ، في الصفحات الاولى :)

نعود برأي ما :))

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Jun 12, 2011

Peter Chamberlain rated it

· review of another edition

This was a difficult read for someone that isn't a trained historian. The author has a confusing (for me) way of writing and coupled with the history jargon made it hard for me to understand. He did bring up some interesting points about my assumptions of the history of the Jews. It did give me new avenues to investigate in the Jewish-Palestinian subject.

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May 25, 2010

Massir Destin rated it

· review of another edition

Comment le peuple juif fut inventé

J'ai lu ce livre il y a quelques temps. Je l'ai beaucoup aimé. On y apprend beaucoup, mais surtout, on y trouve une autre manière de voir l'histoire, peut-être même plus plausible.

Shlomo Sand a du avoir beaucoup de courage pour écire ce livre.

Je suis tombée aujourd'hui sur cet article. J'ai eu envie de le partager avec vous, en espérant vous donner envie de lire le livre.

Une fois que l'on a dépassé le chapitre rela...more

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Sep 03, 2011

Vickie Mansour-hasan rated it

Clear and concise analysis of the idea of a Jewish state. The author is well researched and nd relies on empirical data for his analysis.

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Aug 31, 2010

Janet rated it

It is a book which documents a surprising revision of the history of the those who follow the Jewish religion.

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Jun 13, 2011

Ghassan Samaha rated it

Israilil Jewish Realization they are wrong, and that we can defeat them in the the thought morally

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Jul 30, 2011

Jpp rated it

· review of another edition

Un livre documenté, courageux et fourmillant d'idées . En dénoncant l'histoire officielle qui a créé un état ethnique et religieux en refusant l'héritage culturelle de ses communautés - du Yiddishland au Yemen et des royaumes berbères aux khazars-, en rappelant les ascendances judééennes des palestiniens d'aujourd'hui, il ouvre aussi un espace de reflexion pour un devenir commun aux deux peuples qui se disputent la terre d'Israel. Un historien brillant à lire absolument.

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Jan 29, 2012

Joelle is currently reading it · review of another edition

recommended by my Aussie friend Andrew

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May 25, 2010

Heather rated it

A discussion about the formation of identity, and complications that arise in heterogeneous nations related to these created identities.

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May 06, 2010

!Tæmbuŝu marked it as to-read

Shelves: history, israel, social-cultural

Times Online
The Independent
See also: The Guardian interview with Shlomo dated 17/01/2010

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Oct 03, 2010

Clifton added it · review of another edition

Fascinating and informative, a must read for those interested in the situation in Israel/Palestine today.

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Aug 04, 2010

Eileen added it

I didn't manage to read this book to the end, as it was on loan from another library - extremely interesting, but not a light read. Many interesting facts which I never thought about before.

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About Shlomo Sand

He is professor of history at Tel Aviv University and author of the controversial book The Invention of the Jewish People (Verso Books, 2009). His main areas of teaching are nationalism, film as history and French intellectual history .

Sand was born to Polish Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. His parents had Communist and anti-imperialist views and refused to receive compensations fr...more

More about Shlomo Sand...

Books by Shlomo Sand

The Words and the Land: Israeli Intellectuals and the Nationalist Myth (Semiotext(e) / Active Agents)

Invencao Do Povo Judeu (Em Portugues Do Brasil)

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“Dans chaque démocratie libérale s'est élaboré un imaginaire de citoyenneté au sein duquel la projection dans l'avenir est devenue plus significative que le poids du passé. Cet imaginaire s'est traduit par des normes juridiques, et a même pénétré par la suite à l'intérieur du système éducatif étatique.[...] La souffrance du passé justifie le prix exigé de la part des citoyens dans le présent. L'héroïsme des temps qui s'éloignent promet un avenir rayonnant pour l'individu, du moins sûrement pour la nation. L'idée nationale est devenue, avec l'aide des historiens, une idéologie optimiste par nature. De là, notamment, vient son succès.” — 1 person liked it

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