Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture

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Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture

3.88 of 5 stars 3.88 · rating details · 1,107 ratings · 104 reviews

This book challenges those who argue that we can change the world by changing the way people think. Harris shows that no matter how bizarre a people's behavior may seem, it always stems from concrete social and economic conditions.

Paperback, 288 pages

Published December 17th 1989 by Vintage (first published December 1st 1974)

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Jun 20, 2009 Alex rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: ecology, sociology, history, patriarchy, capitalism, favorites

Why do Jews and Muslims refuse to eat pork? Why were thousands of witches burned at the stake during late medieval Europe? These and other riddles are explored by famous anthropologist Marvin Harris, and his conclusions are simple: people act within social and ecological contexts that make their actions meaningful. Put another way: cultural ideas and practices that seem strange to us may actually be vital and necessary to the people of those cultures.

Harris is especially good at explaining how s...more Why do Jews and Muslims refuse to eat pork? Why were thousands of witches burned at the stake during late medieval Europe? These and other riddles are explored by famous anthropologist Marvin Harris, and his conclusions are simple: people act within social and ecological contexts that make their actions meaningful. Put another way: cultural ideas and practices that seem strange to us may actually be vital and necessary to the people of those cultures.

Harris is especially good at explaining how societies create elaborate rituals to avoid harming the natural ecosystems they depend on, which clarifies the Middle Eastern ban on pig products. It turns out the chubby animals compete with humans for the same foods. Raising them in large numbers would place great strain a land made fragile by thousands of years of deforestation and desertification. Better to ban them entirely and not risk further ecological damage.

This logic is then extended to elucidate why the institution of warfare probably first arose in areas where it's difficult to feed large numbers of people. In Harris' words, "In most primitive societies, warfare is an effective means of population control because intense, recurring intergroup combat places a premium upon rearing male rather than female infants." Since the rate of population growth depends on the number of healthy women, privileging males by making their larger bodies necessary for combat is a way of reducing the pressure to "eat the forest." Not that male supremacy and violence is the BEST way to reduce population, just that it's one ritual societies have adapted to meet that goal.

This discussion of patriarchy leads to an exploration of class. The emergence of "big men", chiefs, and finally the State is explained as a cascading distortion of the original principles of reciprocity into the rule of redistribution. "Big men" work harder than anyone in their tribe to provide a large feast for their community - with the only goal being prestige. Chiefs similarly pursue prestige, and plan great feasts to show off their managerial skills, but they themselves harvest little food. Finally "we end up with state-level societies ruled over by hereditary kings who perform no basic industrial or agricultural labor and who keep the most and best of everything for themselves." At the root of this construction of inequality is the impetus to make people work harder to create larger surpluses so that greater social rewards can be given out to show off the leader's generosity. But only at the State or Imperial level is this hierarchy enforced not by prestige but by force of arms, to stop the poor and working classes from revolting and sharing the fruits of their labor.

The most provocative sections of the book deal with revolutionary movements that fought for this liberation, within the context of the religious wars of Biblical Judea and Late Medieval Europe.

First, Harris tackles the Messiah complex by showing that Jews around the time of Jesus waged near-constant guerrilla warfare against their Roman rulers and oppressors. Perhaps half a million people died, in probably hundreds of Jewish uprisings, all led by religious insurgents called Messiahs. Whether Jesus was one of these revolutionary warriors is disputed, but Harris argues that the "peaceful messiah" idea only gained prominence later during Roman backlash, as a way to distinguish between the "harmless" Christians and the rebellious Jews. Later on, when Christianity had become the official religion of the Roman Empire, its emphasis shifted once more to be compatible with evangelizing the largest military on Earth as it colonized the Mediterranean and killed insurgents.

Christianity would come full circle and provide the ideological backing for revolutionary movements against the dominant social order of Europe during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. At the time feudalism was in crisis and huge peasant movements like the Anabaptists, led by messiah-like zealots, were gaining large followings against their noble and clergy overlords. These Christian messiahs called for breaking up large land estates and providing for the poor masses, suffering from unnecessary poverty and disease. The threatened defenders of Church and State needed some kind of distraction to be cooked up to divide the population, while authorizing to executions of revolutionary leaders (who were mostly female).

Witchcraft fit the bill nicely. With the Pope's approval, the accusation, torture, and execution of hundreds of thousands of "witches" effectively disrupted the enormous peasant movements and brought legitimacy to the forces of law and order. Harris explains, "The clergy and nobility emerged as the great protectors of mankind against an enemy who was omnipresent but difficult to detect. Here at last was a reason to pay tithes and obey the tax collector."

If this crackdown on an invented evil parallels the spectre of "terrorism" today and the war on anti-American Islamist movements, then perhaps Marvin Harris' effort to explain the seemingly insoluble mysteries of distant cultures can also come full circle to help us make sense of our own society. If Washington is the new Rome, then who are the new messiahs? Or, in a secular sense, who are the people concerned for the poor majority that suffers unnecessarily in our own time?(less)

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Mar 24, 2013 Ivonne Rovira rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Today, while lamenting the sidelining of fiction in favor of informational texts to the exclusion of just about anything else in English classes with a friend, I mentioned that no one had ever learned to love to read by reading a textbook. However, I had to immediately correct myself by adding "except for Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches and The Day the Universe Changed: How Galileo's Telescope Changed the Truth."

I read Marvin Harris' scintillating book in 1978. Although an accessible paperback desi...more

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May 23, 2011 ryeginald rated it 4 of 5 stars Recommends it for: anyone as fascinated with human behavior as I am

Shelves: non-fiction, favorites

Unexpectedly turned out to be one of the most though-provoking and fascinating cultural studies I've ever read. Everyone should have a few horizon-wideners on their book list -- this should be one of them.

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Dec 10, 2010 John David rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: anthropology, sociology

Civilizations, even the most advanced among them, are invariably strewn with mythologies, folklore, and recherche taboo. While the contemporary United States would itself provide enough material for a multi-volume study of this kind, Marvin Harris focuses mostly on pre-scientific and pre-literate peoples to answer questions like: Why do Hindus not eat cows, while Jews avoid pork instead? How do you explain the concept of the Messiah? Why was the belief in witches in medieval Europe so prevalent,...more Civilizations, even the most advanced among them, are invariably strewn with mythologies, folklore, and recherche taboo. While the contemporary United States would itself provide enough material for a multi-volume study of this kind, Marvin Harris focuses mostly on pre-scientific and pre-literate peoples to answer questions like: Why do Hindus not eat cows, while Jews avoid pork instead? How do you explain the concept of the Messiah? Why was the belief in witches in medieval Europe so prevalent, and why were people so afraid of them? These bald facts have received many anthropological and sociological explanations in the past, including the one that suggests that they are simply irreducible and, therefore, unable to be analyzed. But Harris, a Marxist by conviction, necessarily must see a materialistic explanation. He looks for answers to these questions in the everyday lives and concerns of the people that entertain these beliefs. Because of this, his answers, in most instances, seem to have some bit more explanatory force than those that have preceded him.

According to Harris, the reason why we see Hindu “cow love” (his words, not mine) as odd is because we live in a very fundamentally different position with respect to cows in our day-to-day postindustrial lives. No matter the exigencies or problems in the lives of the market or our family, we can always go to the grocery story and purchase milk, butter, and meat all from a cow. However, Hindus (and he is mostly talking about Indian Hindus here) have acquired the need for an adaptive resilience in its agricultural order that we have long since shed our need for. Hundreds of millions of Indian peasants who have only one cow know that animal as the only source of milk to make it through a dry season. And if they are lucky enough to make it, it is the only thing that can pull a plow once it is time to plant or harvest crops. In short, because of the way their economy is localized around the family unit instead of our food-industrial complex, they place a different value on the cow.

Another topic Harris considers is the first-century Palestinian Judaism with its concomitant messianism. The history of this period, mainly through Josephus’ two reliable books “Jewish Antiquities” and “Bellum Judaicum,” informs us that Jesus was not unique in having the mantle of the Messiah. Between 40 B. C. and 73 A. D., Harris mentions Athrongaeus, Theudas, an “anonymous scoundrel” executed by Felix, a Jewish Egyptian “false prophet,” and Manahem. Josephus was so used to this political apocalypticism that there are even more of these figures that he does not even bother to name. A long line of Jews fashioned themselves as restorers of the Jewish state and wished to free it from the caprice of Roman satraps, with Jesus and John the Baptist being the two whose names have survived the ravages of history.

Harris’ explanation of witchcraft is appealingly commonsensical. During the early middle ages, witchcraft was not especially looked highly upon, but was never considered heretical. Over time, the Church found that they could use these beliefs to scapegoat hailstorms, outbreaks of disease, crop failure, and other ominous signs, therefore stopping people before they reached the heterodox conclusion that God might be involved in all of these negative circumstances, too. Instead of the Catholic Church wishing to root witches out of society, they used the common folkloric beliefs in sorcery to the Church’s advantage. By co-opting sorcery as a heresy, the Church was able to blame the evils of society on its more marginal, “lower” members, while at the same time seeming to want to keep both the Church and society pure. Two birds with one stone!

I can certainly appreciate the broad appeal a book like this has for non-specialists and non-scholars. That having been said, if I could change one thing about this book, it would be that Harris had taken a less flippant approach and more fully fleshed out his sources, or had a full bibliography. Off-the-cuff expressions like “cow love” and “pig hate” really tend to draw away from the authority that Harris has proven through his other work he rightly deserves.
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Nov 08, 2008 Tyler rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: 2008, nonfiction

Marvin Harris intends to apply scientific theory to some of the great cultural riddles of the world. Why do Hindus love cows? Why do Jews hate pigs? Unfortunately, like an evolutionary biologist trying to explain why humans have pinky toes, he comes across as making up just-so stories. The theories are plausible, but that doesn't make them accurate. The truth in a just-so story is always in what it tells us about the storyteller. In this case, he's a 1970s academic.

One more thing: Since I'm not...more

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Sep 28, 2007 Bookwormdragon rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: reviewed

This book is required reading for my Political Science 101 class, and for once a professor has managed to select an interesting book.
This is an interesting look at some of the cultural riddles that tend to mystify Westerners - like Cow Love in India, Pig Hate in the Middle East, Cargo Cults, etc. Harris explains how these seemingly ridiculous (to us) behaviors are actually perfectly sensible and successful adaption strategies. A short and pleasant read, well researched and written. I highly rec...more

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Jun 12, 2007 David M. rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

Cows are inefficiently raised and devoured in the United States, while in India, people would rather go hungry than eat cow flesh. In the Jewish and Moslem tradition, pigs are unclean and cannot be consumed; while in others, gargantuan pig feasts are more holy than the Thanksgiving turkey. Is this just part of the inexplicable side of human nature, or are there understandable reasons for these cultural curiosities? Harris shows that these bizarre displays of cultural variety play an important an...more

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Dec 27, 2009 Roger rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: primates-anthropology

I picked this up again last week and enjoyed it greatly. Harris does great job of describing the material bases for numerous cultural phenomena, beginning with the sacred cows of Hinduism, and moving on through the roots of the worship and hatred of pigs, messianic military leadership and Christianity, to witchcraft, anti-witch pogroms, and the counter-culture. Something I really enjoyed about Harris' voice in this book is the sense of barely contained anger that imbues it.

The main thing Harris...more

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Jul 25, 2011 manuti rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Una de las cosas buenas que tiene que Criptonomicón se publicase en 3 partes es que pude hacer un intermedio y leer este magnífico ensayo entre las partes 2 y 3.

Como ya he dicho, este libro me parece genial, y le doy 5 estrellas (de lo mejor que leí en 2005). Puedo decir que me transformó y que me hizo interesarme por la antropología y plantearme la historia y la imagen que tenemos de las distintas culturas de una forma completamente distinta a como veía el mundo antes de leer este libro.

Si de

...more

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Oct 28, 2012 Sonia rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: ensayo

Este libro se escribió en 1974 y hay que leerlo teniendo eso en mente, ya que no descubre nada nuevo para quien se haya asomado ligeramente a los estudios antropológicos actuales. Es un pionero en las teorías de adaptación.
Teniendo eso en cuenta, Harris describe de forma amena (salvo algunos momentos del culto al cerdo y de los Potlatch que se me han hecho pesados y repetitivos)sus teorías, entonces muy novedosas, sobre el recurso de las sociedades a elementos sobrenaturales como elementos adapt...more

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Feb 13, 2010 Dionne rated it 4 of 5 stars

I enjoyed reading this book because I enjoy the study of societies and cultures. I found it the easiest read of any sociological book yet. It took me about 3 days to read it. It reads almost like a fiction book. He has some very interesting theories about why people do certain things in certain cultures. Actually it's pretty much one theory: They develop...or create...these cultural rules, deities, etc. to balance out the economic ecosystem of a society. It is a good theory but a somewhat oversi...more

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Aug 18, 2009 Kellyann rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

Harris, an anthropologist, takes the most extreme forms of human behavior and belief and tries to explain them in practical terms, ecologically, historically, economically. Fascinating and insightful.

The chapter on Cargo cults made me extremely interested in the following chapter on messianism; cargo isn't just LIKE messianism, it is a form of it. Unfortunately, my trust in him was shaken when I found his research on messiah theology and history to be completely shoddy. For example, he writes th...more

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Mar 22, 2012 Fox rated it 3 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: 2012, history, native-american, non-fiction, own, philosophy, politics, religion, sociology, science, anthropology

What an entertaining book. While I don't agree with all of Marvin Harris' conclusions, I can say that the scientific way that he approaches problems typically viewed only in a just-so light was both informative and fascinating. His precise evaluation of each question was both thorough and scientific and offers much to anyone fascinated in anthropological (or even political) theory.

While the author is very much the product of the time in which the book was written (the 1970's) the methods that ma...more

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Nov 28, 2007 Allison rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: pagan-earth-spirituality, non-fiction

I read this for a class in Religious studies. This book isn't a fun read but it gives you insight into why certain traditions and beliefs have evolved. An eye-opener!

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May 04, 2008 Houry rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

What a great perspective of cultural differences and why groups behave the way they do.

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Oct 16, 2011 Becca rated it 4 of 5 stars Recommends it for: Jon

Shelves: non-fiction, borrowed, social-science

The first couple of chapters were mild-blowingly good. I thought Harris' explanations of foods that are taboo or vaunted and how those roles are not only logical, but dictated by the socioenvironmental setting in which they originate fascinating. He treats cultural norms as almost the results of Darwinian processes, which is a fascinating and really revolutionary approach. I was awed both by his treatment of rules that are second nature to me, like Jewish dietary laws, as well as those that were...more

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Jun 10, 2013 Renee Pinkston rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: history-archaeology-anthropology

Cultural materialism, the theory named and used by Marvin Harris is probably my favorite theoretical mechanism within Anthropology. I first encountered in as an undergraduate and have since then fallen to its whims. This book, turns out does not do a very good job explaining or introducing this theory. Instead, this book, as it was written, is a very basic introduction to the world of Marvin Harris and his arguments on the existence of four major concepts within cultural materialism: cows, pigs,...more Cultural materialism, the theory named and used by Marvin Harris is probably my favorite theoretical mechanism within Anthropology. I first encountered in as an undergraduate and have since then fallen to its whims. This book, turns out does not do a very good job explaining or introducing this theory. Instead, this book, as it was written, is a very basic introduction to the world of Marvin Harris and his arguments on the existence of four major concepts within cultural materialism: cows, pigs, wars, and witches.

Of course, these four things are not the only; the book also contains information on big men, potlatch, the messiah figure, and etc. Although a fan of Harris, I am not too sure I was a fan of this book. I feel as though Harris does not connect his arguments and observations to anything outside of this book. He does connect ideas like the messiah figure and war successfully, but what he is connecting those concepts to outside of the book is not clear. I think this is a failure of Harris; when a lay person decided to read this and has no prior knowledge about theories in anthropology, specifically cultural materialism, it can be hard to see the point of some of his later arguments. The arguments about cows and pigs, although not straight out connected to cultural materialism are easier to see and Harris does a wonderful job explaining them. It almost feels as though he got a really good start and just ran out of steam at the very end. I find this to be especially true with the last chapters on witches. Harris situates what he is saying about witches within context, but I do not feel as though he fully connects his ideas.

His arguments and ideas do still work though. I would love to see someone (since Harris is now deceased) write an companion or update to this book in which more analysis is done, especially within the last chapters on witches since now these beings are not seen as much as new characters like zombies and vampires. Using what Harris said about witches, I would love to see what he would say about zombie and vampires and why their rise to fame is happening now and what it means.

The book title is catchy, it does solve some of the riddles of culture, but it also helps to fuel more analysis and observation of the same riddles of culture and even new ones from today. In general though, I would give this book 3 out of 5 stars just because I do not think Harris did as good as a job as he could have with this text, but also because I found it lacking in just general theoretical background to help ground what he was saying.
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Feb 17, 2009 Marshall rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: history, non-fiction, favorites

This is a fascinating book about anthropology. The book literally is about cows, pigs, wars, and witches, but what this plain title can't convey is how this book is packed with riveting explanations of the mysteries of cultural attitudes toward these four things, or how profoundly relevant solving these mysteries are for understanding our own culture.

Why do Indians worship cows? Many Indians don't even know, but after reading this book's explanation, you'll understand all the historical and econ...more

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Jul 02, 2007 Ian rated it 5 of 5 stars Recommends it for: Anyone willing to question the world

At the end of the book, Harris writes that he likes to "de-mystify the world's mysteries," and that is precisely what he sets out to do and what I love about this book.

While other books by Harris might be more educational on a "world history" scale, this book investigates cultural-religious institutions and beliefs that are certainly relevant and educational. Harris doesn't really care what people and cultures believe, but instead he tries to explain why they believe what they do. He does this f...more

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Nov 17, 2012 John Vibber rated it 4 of 5 stars

Harris attempts to solve an interesting series of anthropological puzzles including witches, food superstitions, primitive warfare and whether or not the historical Jesus was a militant rather than a prince of peace. I recommend the book with two provisos. The validity of the research on the Yanomamo people cited in the savage male chapter has since been strongly questioned and his comments on our counter-culture now seem quite dated.

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Aug 21, 2012 Q rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

I had just moved to Eugene when I bought this book at the University Bookstore. I had moved into a house, with my three cats and not much else. I didn't own a bed or even a lamp, but I had money to go buy books, and this was one of the first ones I bought. So I sat in the backyard during daylight hours and read . . .this was a great little book, full of fascinating facts about different foods in different cultures - like a trivia book about food around the world, but well written. This is also a...more

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Mar 03, 2012 Amanda Schmeltzer rated it 2 of 5 stars

Harris is an "Anthropologist" and uses judgmental words such as bizarre and maniacal in the same sentence. My problem with the book is not the inferences made about certain practices, but the way in which they are discussed. It saddens me to see someone supposedly dedicated to the study of culture discuss in such a negative manner.

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May 31, 2012 Cdunilibrary rated it 5 of 5 stars

This book explores human behaviour and how seemingly bizarre practices may stem from social and economic conditions. Harris explores interesting behaviour such as burning withers, ‘Cargo Cult’ and other social phenomena. This book is thought provoking and fascinating, read it and make up your own mind on social theory.

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Dec 27, 2011 Tamara rated it 4 of 5 stars Recommends it for: People interested in culture.

This book is a good introduction to the idea of cultural relativity. The concept that in a group's particular situation their behavior generally makes sense, no matter how strange it may seem to outside observers. Not academic and now rather dated, but good none the less.

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Oct 03, 2010 Sonia Lowrie added it

this is one of my favorite books of all times, i bought it and loaned it so someone and i had to buy a new copy, and i loaned this one too and now i have to buy another copy. It really breaks down all the mythes of religions and witchcrafts. Highly recommended.

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May 31, 2010 Laura rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: nonfiction

Interesting book about the anthropological reasons behind religious beliefs or taboos that may seem, to other cultures, bizarre. Lost the plot and dated itself a bit in the last chapter on new age/hippiedom of the '70s, which the author apparently did not enjoy.

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Oct 06, 2012 Steven Smith rated it 4 of 5 stars

My favorite chapters were the final chapters dealing with witches and messiahs. It is important to remember the lengths the ruling classes have underwent throughout history to pit the proletariat classes against each other and, as a result, take the attention away from aristocratic and ruling classes. It is a good way to reflect on how this is happening today.

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Jul 15, 2009 Wade added it

Shelves: wiccan-and-pagan-history

Somewhat dated by todays academic standards in defference to Witchcraft, and it seems to rely too heavely on the extremist wrought by the late (and, indeed, mendacious) Prof. Norman Cohn, as with Prof. Ronald Hutton's material.

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Jan 08, 2011 James rated it 3 of 5 stars

Great few chapters analyzing unique aspects of different societies. However the book seemed dated at the end as the author gave a lengthy critique of the counter-culture (the book was published in the early 70s)

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Feb 13, 2013 Barry rated it 2 of 5 stars

vaguely recall from college days. interesting details. stuff about ecology. but the title is what my friends and i liked. we chanted it often. one day i will look at it again.

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About Marvin Harris

American anthropologist Marvin Harris was born in Brooklyn, New York. A prolific writer, he was highly influential in the development of cultural materialism. In his work he combined Karl Marx's emphasis on the forces of production with Malthus's insights on the impact of demographic factors on other parts of the sociocultural system. Labeling demographic and production factors as infrastructure,...more

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Books by Marvin Harris

Cannibals and Kings: Origins of Cultures

Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going

Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture

Why Nothing Works: The Anthropology of Daily Life

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“Counter-culture celebrates the supposedly natural life of primitive peoples. Its members wear beads, headbands, body paint, and colorful tattered clothing; they yearn to be a tribe. They seem to believe that tribal peoples are nonmaterialistic, spontaneous, and reverently in touch with occult sources of enchantment...” — 1 person liked it

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