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Our Inner Ape

by Frans de Waal

4.14 · rating details · 487 ratings · 85 reviews

Power, sex, violence and kindness: these four broad-spectrum categories encompass much of human behavior, so it's only fitting that they're also the primary subject material for Frans de Waal's (The Ape and The Sushi Master) book Our Inner Ape. The few (but deeply detailed) chapters are a mesmerizing read that spans biology, child psychology, postmodern theorists and fund...more

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Oct 30, 2008

Michael rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction, science

As one would expect from a book called "Our Inner Ape" written by a popular primatologist, this book was largely about similarities between humans and our closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, and the evolutionary cause of these similarities. At the heart of De Waal argument that biologists, primatologists, and most importantly evolutionary psychologists have emphasized the connections between chimp behavior and human behavior at the expense of the other side of human be...moreAs one would expect from a book called "Our Inner Ape" written by a popular primatologist, this book was largely about similarities between humans and our closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, and the evolutionary cause of these similarities. At the heart of De Waal argument that biologists, primatologists, and most importantly evolutionary psychologists have emphasized the connections between chimp behavior and human behavior at the expense of the other side of human behavior, which is much more analogous to that of the bonobos.

The hallmark of chimp behavior, as observed by researchers is competitiveness, the struggle for power through violence and calculated social maneuvering. The image of the chimpanzee's violent streak has been used in pop culture and junk science as an eerie reminder that, unchecked by the constructs and contracts of society, man's biological makeup urges him to reckless violence. 2001: A Space Odyssey comes to mind. Through a series of anecdotes and a fairly thorough summation of the findings of the scientific community, De Waal provides a convincing argument that we've been blinded by the bludgeoning clubs to the more complex picture. Not only do bonobos - the sexiest primates you've never heard of - shed light on our empathetic sides, but the very chimps that are so often maligned for their competitiveness live in such complex societies and show such interdependence that is makes our apocalyptic visions of apes - naked or otherwise - murdering each other down to the very last individual seem silly and ignorant.

For such a champion of the bonobo (the only champion of the species I can think of) De Waal spends little time on the species. From this text, I still gather that the chimpanzee is our closest relative. Past scientists didn't pick the wrong species, they merely misrepresented it. Through a series of clearly organized chapters, De Waal compares how chimps and bonobos fall on a continuum of different traits including power, sex, violence, and kindness. He's always careful to connect both sides of the story back to humanity and in so doing, shows that humans are capable of any type of behavior and these behaviors can easily be explained in evolutionary terms. Most of this is pretty obvious stuff - relatively light, enjoyable reading that affirms nature again and again.

De Waal strength lies in his enthusiasm for his research and his passionate retelling of so many great anecdotes. Two particular stories stick in my mind. The first, of a captive bonobo caring for an injured bird until it was well enough to fly from the enclosure, confirms, as much as anything else that empathy exists in nature. The reluctance of psychologists in particular and scientists in general of applying human traits to animals is largely debunked. Why would psychology and science attribute such qualities to humans but not animals? Haven't we seen again and again that we're animals ourselves? The second story, on the other end of the spectrum, of an alliance between a young upstart male chimp and an older calculating male murdering the current leader of a captive group, going so far as to squeeze this leader's testicles from his body shows the primate drive for power and the willingness to use violence to achieve that power.

My only other complaint about De Waal's enjoyable book is that he often manipulates the reader's sympathies to strengthen his points. He's all too human in many of his depictions of nature.

I agree with De Waal's descriptions of man's current relationship with evolution. However, I'm glad that he doesn't spend too much ink debunking social darwinism. I hope we can all agree to take that theories weaknesses for granted.(less)

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Mar 31, 2009

Flint rated it

· review of another edition

Recommends it for: literate apes

Shelves: science, nonfiction, animals

Better than Jared Diamond's The Third Chimpanzee. Diamond only mentioned bonobos in passing; while Frans de Waal discusses them as much as he discusses chimpanzees while only mentions gorillas, ourang-outang, baboons and various monkeys in passing. Frans de Waal's willingness to explore bonobo sexuality make Diamond's "The Third Chimpanzee" seem prudish.

Studying the behavior of our closest species relatives provide a lot of insight into human social behavior.

...more

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Jan 14, 2009

Suzanne rated it

· review of another edition

This is a very fine book. While most authors just explain to you fact after fact after fact, which is a fine approach to teaching, of course, this author instead tends to rely on detailing to you his hands-on observations of bonobos and chimpanzees. This approach allows you, the reader, to conduct your own analysis via his descriptions, which is really thought-provoking.

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May 29, 2008

Shannon rated it

· review of another edition

Wonderfully written on our closest genetic relatives: chimpanzees and bonobos, this book delves into the behavior of patriarchal, aggressive chimpanzees and the matriarchal, peaceful and sexually free bonobos. I find it telling that behavior-wise humans are in the middle of the behavior of the aforementioned apes. Discussing a wide variety of topics such as power, sex, food competition, language, and scapegoats the author shows how humans differ and are similar to the other great apes. The ...more

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Nov 04, 2011

Michael rated it

· review of another edition

Our Inner Ape by Frans de Waal looks as the behavior of gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos in the wild and captivity and evaluates how the behavior of our closest animal relatives might inform our perspective on human behavior. He's particularly interested in the behavior of sexually promiscuous, affectionate, cooperative bonobos and how their behavioral adaptations compare to the notoriously patriarchal, competitive and aggressive chimpanzees. I didn't think he spent enough time emphasizing th...more

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Jul 28, 2010

Clif rated it

· review of another edition

I'm a curious person. I'm dedicated to learning why we behave the way we do. Our Inner Ape is a book after my own heart because it's devoted to the topic.

Frans de Waal has a warm and welcoming writing style and provides a large number of stories based on his experience with chimpanzees and bonobos, and to a lesser extent, gorillas. Along the way he has several insights to share about our own species.

The book looks at the behavior of the three of us - chimps, bonobos and m...more

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May 24, 2010

Andrew Pace rated it

· review of another edition

It is conventional wisdom that human society is in many ways opposed to human nature. When we do destructive things, we are simply succumbing to our animal nature. When we are compassionate, creative or otherwise positive, we are becoming something different. We are being "human".

This book attacks that conventional wisdom by demonstrating that many of the traits and abilities we consider to be unique to us are not only observable in the great apes, but quite common.

...more

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Mar 11, 2010

Sandy D. rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction, anthropology, science

De Waal doesn't have the frenetic and funny writing style that Sapolsky does (another primatologist whose books I've raved about here), but he is nevertheless good and not without a bit of dry humor. He waxes much more philosophical than Sapolsky - this book is organized into sections on Power, Sex, Violence, and Kindness, and he looks at our how these things are displayed by our nearest animal relatives: chimpanzees, bonobos (formerly called 'pygmy' chimps, now recognized as a separate species)...more

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Oct 16, 2009

Christina rated it

· review of another edition

A couple of months ago I was at Barnes and Noble and they had a shelf of books from which you could choose one free with the purchase of any book. So I made off with this bad boy FREE! I chose it because the author's name stuck out to me- I cited him in a paper I wrote about chimp social behavior back in college. I really enjoyed the research that I did for that paper, so I was excited to learn more, and learn I did.
The premise is that, thanks to our common ancestor, we can learn about...more

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May 30, 2010

Kay rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction

I only ended up reading a third of this because I just wasn't in the mood for it I guess. It was interesting though, it talked about how humans are equally related to both chimps and bonobos, and how chimps can be incredibly violent whereas bonobos are generally very peaceful. He makes interesting points about how apes are far smarter than people give them credit for, because they have empathy and the ability to think ahead. He also makes the point that apes are capable of teaching new things...more

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Aug 02, 2010

Robert rated it

· review of another edition

I really enjoyed de Waal's sections describing experiments on primates. He is a first-rate primatologist. I somewhat enjoyed his philosophical musings on the implications of those experiments. He is a third-rate philosopher. I abhorred his ignorant discussion of evolution in humans. He is poor evolutionary biologist. For example, he described the increasing rate of c-sections in the world as evidence that women's vaginal canals are shrinking as an evolutionary response to medical advanceme...more

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Aug 28, 2009

Christine rated it

· review of another edition

Dr. Waal compares human behavior to the apes he has studied. The book is totally varied. In many parts, he has the most fascinating information that includes lots of scientific data, his careful observations and his insightful ruminations.

Other times he is annoying as shit and goes off on these tangents about politics and things he pulls out of his ass that are totally not scientific. He just seems to have a feeling and know.

And I felt like he favored the bonobos b...more

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Oct 19, 2011

Sandra rated it

· review of another edition

Frans de Waal is on a mission to explain our "human" nature by taking a look at our biological heritage and our closes genetic ancestors, the chimpanzee and bonobo.

By looking at how these creatures deal with power, sex, violence, and kindess, de Waals shows us the parallel between our human society with animal society. While this does a lot to explain politics, our basic impulses etc, de Waal's writing is more of an examination and less of an opinion about modern humanity....more

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Dec 05, 2011

Greg added it · review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction, biology, science, brain-science

It was interesting, with a lot of studies covered, but it also lacked balance. As I read it, I got the impression that the conclusion was more important than the evidence - studies that didn't support him were dismissed, the idea of a "theory of mind" sneered at and there was no real attempt to investigate other explanations for the observations. Some of this was covered in "Not a chimp", though the behavioural studies only composed a section (about a third) of that book, w...more

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Jul 09, 2009

Jacqui rated it

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Shelves: early-man, research, science

I selected this book based on De Waal's reputation in primatology, interested in his thoughts on the root traits that define our human societies. Instead, he stumbled into politics often enough I finally set the book aside, unwilling to mix an objective study of science with a subjective analysis of world political problems. He could have cited a variety of international examples, but chose to concentrate on the USA and a few others, leaving me uncomfortable about his motives. I suggest he stick...more

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Feb 05, 2009

Tahleen rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: science-and-nature

This book was very thought-provoking. I think his main goal was to show people that we don't have to look at our ape ancestors as strictly violent (like the chimpanzee) and that it is therefore inherent in us, as there is also the gentle and sensual bonobo, a much more peaceful species. De Waal makes his subject very accessible for the average reader, though he does tend to make large generalizations on humans. I think he was writing about what he thinks ought to be true about our species, and i...more

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Jan 12, 2011

Rory rated it

· review of another edition

Frans de Waal is at his best when recounting his observations of chimpanzees and bonobos based on his own experience with the individuals and groups that he has become intimately acquainted with over the past twenty years. Much of this is anecdotal, but very insightful and a joy to read. There are detailed accounts of interactions at a level that I have not seen anywhere else.

On the other hand, de Waal is at his worst when speculating about human nature. He goes out of his way to dista...more

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Apr 24, 2009

John Wiswell rated it

· review of another edition

I went into this book wanting to believe everything de Waal wrote, as his Good Natured shone such light on how much we have in common with other primates. He demonstrated that most of our ideas of goodness exist in our older genetic neighbors and that goodness is more natural than we often give it credit. Like in much of de Waal’s writing, here he compares beliefs of human behavior to observation of other primates, specifically chimpanzees and bonobos, which sport radically different social beha...moreI went into this book wanting to believe everything de Waal wrote, as his Good Natured shone such light on how much we have in common with other primates. He demonstrated that most of our ideas of goodness exist in our older genetic neighbors and that goodness is more natural than we often give it credit. Like in much of de Waal’s writing, here he compares beliefs of human behavior to observation of other primates, specifically chimpanzees and bonobos, which sport radically different social behaviors, both of which reflect how we are today. But this time it’s a very difficult book with which to agree.

One would expect de Waal would collect social experiments to compare human behavior, or at least use specific anecdotes of human behavior when contrasting his primate anecdotes. Instead he namedrops concepts from Sigmund Freud, the Bible, and even the Beatles. Even when these are made in jest, they show how unscientific de Waal’s approach is. They’re nice metaphors, but with all his references to evolutionary psychology and comparative conclusions, they cease to merely be metaphors. In many cases he makes only cursory references to scientific studies, such as one that found students of Economics tend to be more egotistical - and then, without describing the study at all, decides Economics make people emotionally dead.

The worst was a comparison of lesser members of a primate group deposing the alpha male for behavior they didn’t like, and directly implying that this behavior was on display in the international human community after the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Not only are countries highly complex meta-interactional organizations whose opinions can only be guessed by polling, but nobody deposed the United States in anything. Their forces are still in Iraq, even after a change of presidents, and while hated, when the recent economic crisis came about the U.S. was still seen in a leadership roll. If he wanted to make the argument that there was structural similarity he would need a heck of a lot more data to suggest the same thing that happens in a closely nit pod of primates was similar to the attitudes of billions of humans spread across multiple continents who don’t interact on a regular basis. Instead de Waal merely cites this as an example and moves on, as he does with nearly every far-fetched example.

He is not even consistent in his approach: in one section he argues that there is no in-born behavior, but in another argues that all sexual attitudes and rules are inherent to a species. So rape is not genetic, but a new alpha male killing everyone else’s children is. He does not acknowledge this inconsistency or discuss the possible problems presented by this flaw in his system. Things like this leave it harder to have faith in his work.

Typically I’d recommend ignoring his conclusions and merely reading what he has to say about chimps and bonobos, as what they do has very obvious ramifications for our behavior. That the typically more violent chimps adopted peaceful behavior when put into groups largely made up of peace-enforcing bonobos, for instance, shows that non-human animals can learn peaceful behavior. But this is not a book of scientific studies. It’s a book of de Waal’s conclusions, inescapable, and often quite questionable. If you’re the type of reader who likes to pause frequently and fight with the author, this could be worthwhile. If you aren’t, though, I recommend reading a couple of topical reviews like that of the New York Times that merely summarizes his discoveries. It will take much less time, spare you the unscientific science, and you’ll be back out in the world mediating a whole lot sooner.(less)

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Jul 01, 2007

Lobeck rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: primates

if you've read chimpanzee politics, you will hear lots of rehashed and recycled ideas. i don't particularly like de waal's writing style, which is awkward due in part to the fact that english is not his native language and, i suspect, to his own personal style of speach. conclusions and trains of thought are a little too anthropocentric, focusing too frequently on what ape behavior means for humans. although all species are bound to be different in some way, we still insist on legitimizing be...moreif you've read chimpanzee politics, you will hear lots of rehashed and recycled ideas. i don't particularly like de waal's writing style, which is awkward due in part to the fact that english is not his native language and, i suspect, to his own personal style of speach. conclusions and trains of thought are a little too anthropocentric, focusing too frequently on what ape behavior means for humans. although all species are bound to be different in some way, we still insist on legitimizing behaviors by finding them in "nature" - as if humans were outside of nature.

(definition of nature = the universe and its phenomena. granted this covers everything and some would argue that the word is therefore meaningless [which is one of several good reasons not to use it], but i think it is actually siginicant to consider everything to be "natural" since we frequently use the concept of "unnatural" to separate something from ourselves and pass negative judgement on it, whereas "natural" means that something is ok and good. consider cancer, for example, which is quite "natural" but very harmful to humans. humans themselves have been compared to a cancer on the earth - harmful, but again also "natural". so the positives and negatives associated with these categories don't hold water. the universe doesn't consider our positive and negative categories in any case. take a closer look at life, at species and their survival and societies - and you'll see that life is about survival, not quality of existence.)

and now off that soapbox and onto another. i also have trouble with conclusions around gender, as i frequently do in primate research. i can't help but think they are influenced heavily by a society that sees through a gender binary paradigm, and i think there must be other lenses through which to examine behavior and other conclusions to draw. perhaps this is what i need to tackle in my future primatology PhD.

there were some new facts in this book, and i can't read a book about primates and not find something interesting. but all in all, i found chimpanzee politics to be more focused, coherent, and interesting.(less)

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Aug 28, 2011

Ron rated it

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Frans de Waal is a natural storyteller who rather seamlessly segues from great stories about apes to the lessons they illustrate. He contrasts the chimps and bonobos in ways that give insights into the "natural" dispositions of humans. Bonobos resolve issues of power with sex whereas chimps resolve issues of sex with power. Bonobos are affectionate and chimps are violent. Bonobos groups are led by females and chimps by males. (And, of course, none of the social dynamics explored here a...more

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Jan 13, 2009

Cynthia rated it

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de Waal's major premise is that there's a lot more going on in the ape world than humans usually assume to be true, and I thought his contrast between chimps (agrressive and male-dominated) and bonobos (peaceful and female dominated) interesting. One of his points is that it's not necessary to assume that humans evolved from a similar violent social organization (from chimp-like ancestors) when other models are possible. It's worth a read.

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Jan 22, 2012

Ross rated it

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Interesting comparison of human nature and behavior to that of out closest relatives. I learned quite a bit about the bonobos which I had not known before. Bonobos are rated to be a separate species with morphological differences from chimpanzees, but at the end of the book a hybrid between the two is mentioned, raising questions about the separate species designation. I suspect the truth may be that the bonobos are an offshoot in the process of becoming a separate species due to geographical s...more

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Feb 16, 2009

Heather rated it

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Shelves: adult-readers

This book by a primate researcher explores the nuances of ape behavior and its connection to human behavior. I won't say that I was surprised to read that apes exhibit most of the complex social behaviors that humans do, or that much of what we think of as civilized is deeply rooted in animal instinct. But I did thoroughly enjoy this look at the lives of our ape cousins.

This book explores all aspects of ape behavior- adult readers only, please.

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Aug 20, 2010

Keeley rated it

· review of another edition

I had to read this for school. This author truly believes that we are descended from apes. I on the other hand do not. There were a lot of things that we obviously disagree on, but he also had some really good points as well. I agree that we can learn a lot about ourselves from animals, but not because we evolved from them. Because they have thought processes and emotions like us. Definately an interesting read.

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Aug 16, 2010

Dave Gaston rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: evolution, sociology, survival, africa, ecology-earth-science

Light behavioral science served up in the form of classic field study reporting. Our Inner Ape is a guy book and a nerd science book all rolled up in one. What’s not to love? OK, the title is a little too obvious. But let’s admit it, we all have a fascination with the “other branch” just to the left (6MM yrs/ago) of our own humanity. The similarities between the two specie's societies are not earth shattering but they are somehow life affirming. Seeing ourselves through a primal reflection power...more

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Aug 28, 2011

Erin rated it

· review of another edition

Really interesting anecdotal stories and research based information about chimps and bonobos. In general I like the way de Waal connects ape behaviors to human behaviors, but occasionally the connections seem like a bit of a leap. Still, a good quick read about war-like chimps and sexy bonobos and might tell us about who we are.

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Jan 07, 2011

Norm rated it

· review of another edition

Recommended to Norm by: Malini

Shelves: 2009

My cousin is a graduate student under Prof. de Waal, so this book was particularly interesting for me. Definitely worth a re-read to reinforce the nuances of insight that get blurred after a single pass. Like any non-fiction, the book is dense. However, it is quite readable.

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Aug 22, 2008

Stef rated it

· review of another edition

Narrated by Alan Sklar. I didn't care for the narration; he added a sly nudge-nudge tone of voice to any discussion of sex (and in a book about chimpanzees and bonobos there is plenty of discussion about sex) and a scoffing or superior tone to any discussion of morality/ethics.

I enjoyed the descriptions of animal behavior and of interactions between the apes and their human observers.

I was less impressed with de Waal's attempts to draw conclusions about human behavior fr...more

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Jun 18, 2009

Rebecca rated it

· review of another edition

De Waal's firsthand accounts of chimpanzee and bonobo social life make for a compelling read. His writing style is very personal, and I'm hoping that my students will find the book both engaging and provocative.

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Oct 12, 2009

Maggie Dijkstra rated it

· review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction

excellent. recommend this book to anyone interested in evolution and our primate ancestry. de Waal gives excellent examples from observation and from designed research in zoo primates that support his points.

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About Frans de Waal

"Frans B.M. de Waal, PhD (born 29 October 1948, 's-Hertogenbosch), is a Dutch psychologist, primatologist and ethologist. He is the Charles Howard Candler professor of Primate Behavior in the Emory University psychology department in Atlanta, Georgia, and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politi...more"Frans B.M. de Waal, PhD (born 29 October 1948, 's-Hertogenbosch), is a Dutch psychologist, primatologist and ethologist. He is the Charles Howard Candler professor of Primate Behavior in the Emory University psychology department in Atlanta, Georgia, and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics and Our Inner Ape. His research centers on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion, and food-sharing. In 1993, he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2004, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2008.

In 1977, de Waal received his doctorate in biology from Utrecht University after training as a zoologist and ethologist. His dissertation research concerned aggressive behavior and alliance formation in macaques.

In 1975, de Waal began a six-year project on the world's largest captive colony of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo. The study resulted in many scientific papers, and resulted in publication of his first book, Chimpanzee Politics, in 1982.

In 1981, he moved to the United States for a position at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, and took his current position at Emory and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in 1991.

His research into the innate capacity for empathy among primates has led de Waal to the conclusion that non-human great apes and humans are simply different types of apes, and that there is little difference between these species.

His book, Our Inner Ape, examines human behavior through the eyes of a primatologist, using the behavior of common chimpanzees and bonobos as metaphors for human psychology.

De Waal was named one of Time magazine's most influential 100 people in 2007.

De Waal also works in the field of social psychology. De Waal is currently on the Editorial Board of Greater Good Magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. Besides being a contributor, de Waal, also has an article on Empathy in Greater Good magazine. He further writes a column for Psychologie, a popular Dutch monthly magazine."

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_de_Waal
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More about Frans de Waal...

Books by Frans de Waal

The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society

The Ape And The Sushi Master Reflections Of A Primatologist

Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes

Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals

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