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Hackers

by Steven Levy (Goodreads Author)

4.17 of 5 stars 4.17 · rating details · 1,675 ratings · 130 reviews

A mere fifteen years ago, computer nerds were seen as marginal weirdos, outsiders whose world would never resonate with the mainstream. That was before one pioneering work documented the underground computer revolution that was about to change our world forever. With groundbreaking profiles of Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak, MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club, and more, Steven Levy...more

Paperback, 464 pages

Published January 1st 2001 by Penguin Books (first published 1984)

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Nov 22, 2008 Marc rated it 4 of 5 stars

I loved this book. It is a documentary about various aspects of computing. The first part is utterly excellent. It is about the birth of the "hacker ethic" around the DEC PDP machine in the MIT AI Lab. It is very funny and very inspiring. Some of the people in that section of the book have disappeared into obscurity, so the book is amazing for capturing this lost part of tech history. The second part is about the personal computer revolution. It covers the Altair machine, the Apple I / II and ot...more

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Nov 21, 2012 Max Lybbert rated it 1 of 5 stars

Why didn't O'Reilly bother to edit out the unneeded phrases like "known to man" ("the best computer in the world known to man")? A decent editor could have cut 20% out of this book, and made it much better quality in the process.

Additionally, there are enough cases of deep confusion about actual events, or about technical terms that the few times I read an enjoyable story I was not familiar with I had to try to research it to see if there was any truth to the matter.

The writing is terrible, punc...more

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Sep 21, 2010 Elaine Nelson rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: biography, history, non-fiction, science, technology, sociology

I'm still sort of processing this book a week later. All the status updates I posted are notes I wrote on paper while I was reading, alas I ran out of scraps while sick in bed, somewhere around pg 350. (the goodreads entry says this has more pages than the copy I have, btw.)

Note: this is a really long and somewhat rambling review.

A few themes stick out, notably West coast vs East coast. No, seriously. The first section is all MIT hackers, the other two are west coast focused (hippie hackers and...more I'm still sort of processing this book a week later. All the status updates I posted are notes I wrote on paper while I was reading, alas I ran out of scraps while sick in bed, somewhere around pg 350. (the goodreads entry says this has more pages than the copy I have, btw.)

Note: this is a really long and somewhat rambling review.

A few themes stick out, notably West coast vs East coast. No, seriously. The first section is all MIT hackers, the other two are west coast focused (hippie hackers and the gaming biz). Shockingly, the hippie hacker community actually manage to get more shit done.

My pet theory is that it relates to engagement with the rest of the world. Those MIT guys really got to lock themselves away from everything, and they really liked it that way. (There's some interesting moments of cognitive dissonance of the radical openness within the lab vs the military funding for the lab.) Which meant they were doing fascinating crazy stuff, but it didn't necessarily have any effect on the masses. Whereas the hippies -- or at least some of the influential folks in that scene -- actually cared about the rest of the world. And of course the gamers were out to make money. So they were the ones who got computing and the hacker ethos out into the world.

Another thing that I kept running into: I'd be excited about the hackers' excitement, totally understanding that sense of flow...and then: ugh, thoroughly unpleasant people. Not just unpleasant individuals, but a repellent culture. I found that most true of the MIT hackers and the gamers, FWIW.

Possibly related: the overwhelming maleness of the hacker culture throughout the entire book. A lack of balance?

Also possibly related: a quote about Stallman (p 438) - "He recognized that his personality was unyielding to the give-and-take of common human interaction." (That line? Made me bust up laughing.)

Another somewhat random observation: baby boomers. Didn't occur to me until reading the last afterword, and the conversation between Levy & Gates, that all these hackers were boomers. I'd never really thought about the hacker ethos/community as also being a creation of that generation. Huh.

What does all this mean to the things I've ranted about on my blog? (I had that in the back of my head while I was reading, based on an email conversation with the person who sent me the book.) I'm still not sure. It does make the underlying ethos of Facebook make more sense, although not any less repellent. In fact, maybe it's more so, because there's a historical thread connecting it to guys crawling through the ceiling to steal keys out of desks. (WTF? That still blows my mind.) And thus, a lack of learning how the rest of the world perceives reality.

And for the gender thing? I see it even more, and I keep wondering how much of our current situation is "inevitable" given the history, what would have happened if the history had been different, etc. It also contexualizes the history of sexism in computing against the history of sexism in general (wait, did that sentence make any sense?) - the whole damn world was sexist then. My mother was one of three women in her high school trig class, and IIRC she was the only one who finished. Whereas when I took higher math in high school, I'd say the class was split more like 50/50. So the idea of the MIT hackers that there's some biological difference that kept women out of their world is nuts. Their world -- despite its lack of football -- was hyper-masculine, disconnected from anything that wasn't the guys and the machines. The story of the woman whose program got screwed up because of an unauthorized upgrade by hackers -- and she was doing something "real" -- made a impression on me as far as that's concerned. But that impression of hackerdom being a male province only fed on itself, so that women who were interested in computers were an oddity. (For example, what happened to the "housewives" who disappeared into the community center computer? Why weren't they able to become part of the hacker community?)

As I said, I'm still processing.

And that said, it was a well-written book; fantastic story-telling. The follow-ups were interesting as well, given that the book ends basically with a reference to the movie Wargames. Good stuff, overall, and definitely recommended.(less)

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Mar 12, 2007 Nigel rated it 4 of 5 stars

This book was good at the outset, and the treatment of the freakish hacking pioneers was excellent, but I felt that the book lost its way somewhere beyond half-way through - it ended up being a paean to the good ship Apple Computers, and all who sail in her. Apart from making me suspicious of the writer's motives, this annoyed me because it was blinkered, ignoring so much else that was going on at the time. However, considering the year it was written and the ongoing nature of the subject matter...more

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Jan 23, 2013 Andrew Schultz rated it 5 of 5 stars

Some books, I just have to want, and other books, I need to sit and think about every 100 pages. These are rarer, but usually I need to do this because of how they brought up something from my own life. Hackers is the second type. In this case, it was about the story behind the BASIC programs I loved to read about and try to write as a kid.

I've noted that other reviewers mentioned that Levy is biased for Apple. This may be true, and unfortunately, I can't do diligence on that. What I can say is...more

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Sep 02, 2012 Ghoule rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Hackers : Heroes of the Computer Revolution, est un essai sur l'évolution de la programmation informatique à partir des années 50 et 60.

Contrairement aux mythes qui sont souvent véhiculés, un "hacker" est un programmeur qui veut améliorer des programmes existants, et non un "pirate".

Steven Levy, en débutant récits de vie sur l'impact de l'informatique envers des étudiants à l'université MIT, nous explique le développement de la pensée de ces jeunes programmeurs, ce qui permettra de jeter les ba...more

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Jul 07, 2012 John E. Branch Jr. rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: computer-science, computers-history, nonfiction

Though it's divided into sections that are to some extent artificial, and there may be some important material it misses, this is probably the best single-book treatment of the subject. To be clear, the kind of computers it's talking about are essentially minicomputers, such as MIT guys played with in the 1960s, and micromputers or PCs--the things that now appear on what seems like every office desk in the land. To cover mainframes and their antecedents would require looking back to developments...more Though it's divided into sections that are to some extent artificial, and there may be some important material it misses, this is probably the best single-book treatment of the subject. To be clear, the kind of computers it's talking about are essentially minicomputers, such as MIT guys played with in the 1960s, and micromputers or PCs--the things that now appear on what seems like every office desk in the land. To cover mainframes and their antecedents would require looking back to developments such as the Jacquard loom some 200 years ago, Charles Babbage's inventions in the early to mid-19th centuries, the Hollerith machine with its punched cards (devised to make it possible to tabulate the 1890 U.S. census before the next one came around), and a host of later contributions. In other words, the "computer revolution" is a longer story than what Levy presents here, but he covers the part most of us will be interested in. Even the discussion of gaming is valuable; computer games (more often called "video games") were one of the ways computer pioneers tested their prowess and advanced the abilities of their hardware and software, and some of today's enormously elaborate and expensively developed products still employ the same overall structure as a rudimentary game called Adventure, created by a BBN programmer in the 70s.

There's a feast of personal and technical detail here, and despite my generally sketchy memory for books of the past (I read this one in the late 80s or early 90s), some of the details remain with me. E.g.: some MIT engineering students laboriously wrote and tested what's called machine code in order to get their computer-lab machine to make sounds; Bill Gates began a transformation of the entire microcomputer culture when he wrote a BASIC interpreter but insisted on selling it instead of swapping it for other software; the now widespread view of computers as personal tools can be traced (largely, though maybe not entirely) to West Coast pioneers such as Alan Kay and, among other things, Kay's Dynabook idea.

Some of the figures in this story have begun to fade from public knowledge--Steve Wozniak, to name just one--while other characters and their companies have remained and have even become celebrated: Bill Gates and Microsoft, Steve Jobs and Apple. My recollection is that there's little or no mention of non-American developments, but then (to the best of my knowledge) there weren't many during the early PC years.(less)

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Feb 24, 2012 Craig Cecil rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: computers, favorites

Let's get this out of the way up front—the term "hackers" here refers to the original ideology of the word from the earlier days of computing, when hackers blazed the trail of our modern hardware and software systems. These are not the modern day denizen hackers of destructive, malicious infamy. Based on this understanding, this book should be required reading for anyone connected with the computing profession. It serves as a rich history of the genesis of modern day computing, from the earliest...more

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May 20, 2010 Ryan rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

This was a really interesting look at the history of computers as a DIY technology, stretching from the 1950s to the 1980s, when the first edition of it was published.

I find a lot of computer users look at the things like they're magic boxes, likely run by black magic and/or hamsters running in wheels; I confess to having moments where I've felt that way myself, but I'm trying to educate myself a bit more on how computers actually think and operate, and this book helped cement that understandin...more This was a really interesting look at the history of computers as a DIY technology, stretching from the 1950s to the 1980s, when the first edition of it was published.

I find a lot of computer users look at the things like they're magic boxes, likely run by black magic and/or hamsters running in wheels; I confess to having moments where I've felt that way myself, but I'm trying to educate myself a bit more on how computers actually think and operate, and this book helped cement that understanding a bit more.

Additionally, this book reinforced two of the truisms I've repeatedly encountered when studying subcultures.

The market will replace your values with its own. It seems to me that subcultural movements tend to have certain values to them that make them popular with certain segments of the public. As they gain more popularity, the mainstream starts to notice them, and tries to find ways to monetize them, even if the movement was one that was based originally around non-commercial values. This is how we end up with Iggy Pop songs being used to sell Disney Cruise tours, and fashion that exploits women and their sexuality being marketed as "girl power" feminism. It's also how we end up with a generation of computer hackers who can't understand why anyone would want to buy a pre-assembled computer with the software already loaded on it.

History never ends. One of the main recurring conflicts in Hackers relates to who has access to computer information - we see this with the MIT gurus in the 50s trying to limit access to their computers, and again with the tales of early software users wanting to freely share programs vs. the companies wanting to use copy-prevention to increase their profits. And we see the same conflict now with the open source movement vs. proprietary software, and DRM media files vs. the Creative Commons. It's one that will probably continue as long as people are recording information by the bit, which should ensure that Hackers remains somewhat relevant for generations to come.(less)

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Apr 27, 2013 Neal Alexander rated it 4 of 5 stars

Line 10 PRINT “HELLO”. Line 20 GOTO 10. Why did this kind of program appeal so much to kids like me in the early 80s? Levy is probably right that it’s power: bending a slavish homunculus to your will.

The book traces the hacker mindset through 50s MIT, 70s California, and the 80s game industry. Rather than a “revenge of the nerds” tone, it takes hackers on their own terms, but with humour. One of the MIT bunch wouldn’t drive because it ‘takes too much processing’. I can laugh at that but would fi...more

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Jan 09, 2013 Tony rated it 5 of 5 stars

Probably the best book I've read by this author.

"Hacker" is, currently, a pejorative term used to describe people who break into other people's systems, frequently for some nefarious purpose. That's not the original meaning of the term.

The book starts out at MIT. We have people who liked to mess with model railroads, largely because they enjoy working with complex, interconnected systems. We see the first computers arrive and people, largely self-taught, start gravitating toward them. As ever-la...more

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Feb 02, 2013 Ilya rated it 3 of 5 stars

The first computer programmers, who worked in the 1940s and the early 1950s, used computers for things like calculating the hydrodynamics of thermonuclear explosions and artillery firing tables. By the 1960s, a new generation of nerds realized that computers could actually be fun. They included model railroaders from MIT who liked to build not so much the miniature landscapes their little trains would run through as the electric circuits that controlled, how the trains would turn and go. They mo...more The first computer programmers, who worked in the 1940s and the early 1950s, used computers for things like calculating the hydrodynamics of thermonuclear explosions and artillery firing tables. By the 1960s, a new generation of nerds realized that computers could actually be fun. They included model railroaders from MIT who liked to build not so much the miniature landscapes their little trains would run through as the electric circuits that controlled, how the trains would turn and go. They moved on to the bigger circuits that made up the university's minicomputers, and to the programs they executed, turning the computers they did not own into their personal playthings, much to the consternation of regular users. One nerd soldered a few diodes inside a minicomputer's CPU, giving it a new instruction; this broke somebody's program. Others went crazy about Life, misspelled "LIFE" in this book, a cellular automaton invented by John Horton Conway and popularized by Martin Gardner in a Scientific American column; John von Neumann, who among his other great accomplishments invented cellular automata, does not appear in the book's index. Some nerds spent an inordinate amount of computer time searching for special Life patterns, and discovered something called the glider gun, a pattern that grows arbitrarily large; for this, they collected a $50 check from Conway. Others wrote one of the world's first video games called "Spacewar!"; it was used by DEC technicians as a smoke test of the PDP-1 minicomputer. In the 1970s, microcomputers arrived, and attracted their own tinkerers, discussed in the second part of the book; one discovered that writing certain bit patterns into particular memory cells creates specific radio interference noises, so by manipulating this effect, it is possible to make a radio receiver standing near a microcomputer to play a melody. The third part of the book is about developers of early video games.

Levy ascribes a quasi-monastic-autistic ethic to the programmers: they loved programming above all else, disregarding the larger social context of their work, wanted to open all information to the world, and demanded unlimited control over their computers. Some of the book's characters, such as Richard Stallman the creator of GNU or Bill Gosper the self-taught mathematician who invented the greatest algorithm ever for evolving cellular automata, seem to have lived it. However, what is Steve Wozniak, a hectomillionaire now and probably not a poor man in 1984, doing in this book, not to mention Bill Gates and Paul Allen? Since electronic digital computers were invented, they were used for making money and for making better weapons of mass destruction. One can admire Seymour Cray's skills as a computer designer, and at the same time realize that Lawrence Livermore Lab was one of the most eager purchasers of his supercomputers. Microcomputers are not as well suited for the latter task as supercomputers, but they are well suited for the former. A lot of people made money from them, Gates, Allen and Wozniak being just some of the most famous ones; good for them, but what does their success have to do with the special hacker ethic?(less)

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Aug 08, 2012 Ryan rated it 5 of 5 stars

One of my absolute favorite tech-related books of all time. Read it a half-dozen times, at least.

It's somewhat better-written than most of Levy's books (like the painful "In the Plex"), though it bears the same biases that his other work does. I don't know if it's a long-form journalist tendency, but Levy's books and articles all seem to be written as if they're telling The Whole Story, though they are heavily skewed by the people who were most willing to be interviewed extensively. Any writer h...more

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Dec 25, 2011 David Magnenat rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Steven Levy writes an anecdotal history of the modern computer age starting not with Blaise Pascal and weaving design cards but rather with model railroads and smart kids with access to the coolest new toy on campus, a time-shared hunk of big iron on which anything was possible. tedious arguments about hacker ethics are thankfully left outside the book for the most part while Levy hits the highlights and strengthens the case for a hacker being someone who wants to know more about the system whet...more

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Oct 19, 2008 Devin rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is a must read for anyone who loves computers. It is well written and full of interesting information.

Looking backwards helps me understand current technology better.

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Feb 19, 2013 Shivasankari rated it 4 of 5 stars

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here.

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Apr 21, 2013 Eric Andresen rated it 4 of 5 stars

This book will help the uninitiated understand the connection of the model railroaders, computers and lock picking. It also has a really great chapter on TINY BASIC that those from the early days will enjoy.

It tells the story behind the stories of those that brought computers to the masses. Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak, all of the guys you expect are in there.

If the words "YOU ARE STANDING AT THE END OF A ROAD BEFORE A SMALL BRICK BUILDING. AROUND YOU IS A FOREST. A SMALL STREAM FLOWS OUT OF THE B...more

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Dec 19, 2010 goldengoblin rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: computing

I've been meaning to read this for many years especially after enjoying Crypto but never got around to it. After stumbling upon an updated version amongst mostly German titles in a bookstore I finally have.

While the interviews colour the narrative and make parts seem rather self indulgent, overall it does a good job of conveying the spirit and ideals of the people involved.

It is odd how the minicomputer portion ends right before unix comes about, and instead dives into early personal computers....more

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Sep 15, 2008 Jim rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction, historical

An interesting look at the early hackers & computers. Especially for those in the computer field, it's a fun look at history. Well written & engaging.

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Jul 09, 2009 Steven Kent rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: nonfiction, stuff-you-re-supposed-to-read

"Iconic." "Brilliant." "Innovative." "Pioneering." These accolades can be used to describe the "heroes of the computer revolution," but they can also be used to describe this book, the first mainstream book to cover the rise of computing as a household hobby.

I purchased this book so that I could read about the roots of computer gaming--it has a large section talking about the early days of Sierra and Broduderbund; but this book is not just about the beginnings of computer gamings, it chronicles...more

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Nov 22, 2007 Mike rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is a great, great nonfiction book about the history of computers - it's for everyone, but certainly for the peeps in my industry, get this!

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Sep 16, 2008 Justin Everett rated it 5 of 5 stars

While not the fastest paced of books it is very well researched and makes you very involved in how that generation grew with computers.

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Aug 28, 2011 Hans de Zwart rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Wow! This is a masterful book.

Levy reports on three different eras that have shaped modern
computing:

- The group of hackers at MIT in the early sixties who were the
first to use computers for anything else than computing things (the
first computer game, the first chess computer, the first time that
a computer is connected to a robot, etc.) and created a culture,
the hacker ethic, in the process.
- The people around the Home Brew Computer Club in California in
the early seventies who were the first...more

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Jan 31, 2013 Karen rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

This is a very entertaining account of the rise of the computer generation. Beginning with the inderground computer clubs at MIT and other technical bases, expanddng to cover the HomeBrew club that was the birthplace of Apple and introducing many unforgetable giants of what would become the most important technilogical breakthrough of the century. The power of the personal computer with access to the rabidly expanding internet. The title comes from the emphasis on the 'hacker' culture and its am...more

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Mar 23, 2008 Nick Black rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

F'n awesome, obviously. Everyone should have read this by now, or by several years ago rather.

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Apr 14, 2012 Jernej Virag rated it 3 of 5 stars

While very interesting in terms of history and story, the annoying tendency of author to praise the "Hacker Ethic" and behaviour over all bounds really gets irritating - especially at the points where he dismisses important work of other academic and science groups, not to mention his casual dismissal (or as I understood it - almost praise) of break-ins and other criminal activity. That greatly diminishes the book in my opinion - while I'm very interested in the story the book is trying to conve...more

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Sep 07, 2011 Mike Henriquez rated it 4 of 5 stars

Part three (about videogames) feels just like watching "Lords Of Dogtown", really enjoyed most of it. The one I read was the latest edition so I thought there would be more about the late 90s and 2000-2010.

It is enjoyable to read a book like this knowing what happened to the tech industry where it is standing right now and who the new and most powerful players are, however I think a revision would speak a bit more about Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Ellison, the Google Boys, Mark SUCKerberg, and many...more

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Jun 30, 2011 Kerry rated it 4 of 5 stars

I had an Apple II growing up and remember reading about a lot of the personalities (The Williams,etc) in the magazines. It is striking, the blur of changes in those few years, 1979-83. Getting an inside overview of what was going on, even if it just did highlight a few of the major players, helped give a better picture of what was happening around those times. The stories from the early days, the PDP hackers, were really enlightening.

Although, it seems like it could have been edited better. It w...more

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Apr 05, 2011 Vladimir rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

A great book about the history of hackers (from PDP hacking at MIT to hardware hackers (Altair..Apple II) to Sierra On-Line).

It was quite a fascinating read - being published in 1984, it covers exactly the period that I've missed. It cleared the picture in my head which was sort of "There were boring ancient times, and then in the 80s the fun started - IMB PCs, games, Internet...". Turns out it's been fun all the way from 1960s.

Maybe I would prefer this book a tiny bit shorter and a bit more tec...more

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Jul 25, 2011 Kam-Yung Soh rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: reference, computing, technology

A wonderful look at the early days of computing when computers were waiting to be used and hackers were the people who would push them to the limits and make them available to all. This is an updated edition that includes an afterword where Levy catches up with some of the original hackers (like Bill Gates and Steve Wozniak) and interviews new hackers like Facebook's Zuckerberg.

The book covers three types of hackers: the hardware hackers who worked with the early mainframe and minicomputers and...more

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About Steven Levy

Steven Levy (born 1951) is an American journalist who has written several books on computers, technology, cryptography, the Internet, cybersecurity, and privacy. Levy is chief technology writer and a senior editor for Newsweek, writing mainly in the "Science & Technology" section. He also writes the column "Random Access" in the monthly feature "Focus On Technology." Levy is also a contributor...more

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