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<book id="51933">
  <title><![CDATA[Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason]]></title>
  <isbn><![CDATA[067972110X]]></isbn>
  <isbn13><![CDATA[9780679721109]]></isbn13>
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  <books_count type="integer">9</books_count>
  <default_description> Madness &amp; Civilization is an abridged version of Folie et d&#233;raison: Histoire de la folie &#224; l'&#226;ge classique, 1st published in 1961. A full translation titled The History of Madness has was published by Routledge in 2006. It was Foucault's 1st major book, mostly written while he was the Director of the Maison de France in Sweden. It examines ideas, practices, institutions, art &amp; literature relating to madness in Western history.
 Foucault's history begins in the Middle Ages, noting the social &amp; physical exclusion of lepers. With leprosy's gradual disappearance, madness came to occupy the excluded position. The ship of fools in the 15th century is a literary version of one exclusionary practice, that of sending mad people away in ships. In 17th century Europe, in a movement famously described as the Great Confinement, unreasonable persons were locked away in institutions. In the 18th century, madness came to be seen as the reverse of Reason, &amp; in the 19th century as mental illness.
 Foucault argues madness was silenced by Reason, losing its power to signify the limits of social order &amp; to point to the truth. He examines the rise of scientific &amp; humanitarian treatments of the insane, notably at the hands of Philippe Pinel &amp; Samuel Tuke who started conceptualizing madness as mental illness. He claims these new treatments were no less controlling than previous methods. Pinel's treatments amounted to extended aversion therapy, including such treatments as freezing showers &amp; straitjackets. This treatment amounted to repeated brutality until the pattern of judgment &amp; punishment was internalized.</default_description>
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  <original_publication_year type="integer">1961</original_publication_year>
  <original_title>Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason</original_title>
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  <average_rating><![CDATA[4.01]]></average_rating>
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  <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/51933.Madness_and_Civilization_A_History_of_Insanity_in_the_Age_of_Reason]]></url>
  <authors>
        <author id="1260">
      <name><![CDATA[Michel Foucault]]></name>
      <role><![CDATA[]]></role>
      <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1260.Michel_Foucault]]></url>
      <average_rating><![CDATA[4.02]]></average_rating>
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    <review id="29829172">
    <user id="419287">
    <name><![CDATA[Jessica]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[New York, NY]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/419287-jessica]]></url>
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      <rating>0</rating>
  <votes>6</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[crazy smart people; smart, crazy people]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[crazy people; smart people (quelle est la différence?)]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Mon Aug 11 04:33:35 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Sep 06 14:04:50 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[<em>A last question remains: In the name of what can this fundamental language be regarded as a delirium? Granting that it is the </em>truth of madness<em>, what makes it </em>true madness<em> and the originating form of insanity? Why should it be in this discourse, whose forms we have seen to be so faithful to the rules...</em><a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/29829172">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/29829172]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="74146509">
    <user id="1618324">
    <name><![CDATA[tivarepusoinegnimunamuhsunegiuq]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Bandung, Indonesia]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1618324-tivarepusoinegnimunamuhsunegiuq]]></url>
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      <rating>2</rating>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Sun Oct 11 02:54:39 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Oct 18 00:56:20 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[arrgghhh...<br/><br/>ya ampun... satu hal yang membuat sebal baca buku filsafat adalah saling berjejalnya kata-kata &quot;langit&quot; bak dewata yang susah dimengerti &quot;makhluk-makhluk berotak terestial&quot; seperti saia dalam bukunya, fuih... T_T<br/><br/>banyak yang berpendapat filsafat ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/74146509">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/74146509]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="69458102">
    <user id="1471161">
    <name><![CDATA[Steve]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Chicago, IL]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1471161-steve]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>2</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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        <shelf name="philosophy" />
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Sun Aug 30 12:21:54 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Aug 30 12:45:03 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I was a double major in psychology and English as an undergraduate, with a minor in philosophy.  When I graduated in January of 1998, I hadn't yet heard about whether I'd been admitted to graduate school and couldn't find a job teaching English, my back-up plan.  I decided to turn my philosophy mino...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/69458102">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/69458102]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="1604120">
    <user id="109582">
    <name><![CDATA[Don]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Lewisburg, PA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/109582-don-rea]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>1</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Thu May 15 14:16:18 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Jun 02 06:13:05 -0700 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu May 15 14:16:18 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[So far I'm about fifty or sixty pages in, and I've completely lost track of what this gibbering madman is raving about. Perhaps this is a poor translation, but after the first ten pages even individual sentences are meaningless and syntactically ambiguous. I re-read paragraphs, sometimes ten or twel...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1604120">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1604120]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="63243434">
    <user id="974210">
    <name><![CDATA[erik]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Chicago, IL]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/974210-erik-graff]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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        <shelf name="psychology" />
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[everyone]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[James Koehnline]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Fri Feb 01 00:00:00 -0800 1985</read_at>
  <date_added>Mon Jul 13 01:06:16 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jul 13 01:44:56 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count>1</read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[By sophomore year in college I was beginning to think of becoming a psychotherapist and actually held two jobs at a psychiatric hospital during the year following, one setting up a treatment assessment program, the other adminitrating and evaluating diagnostic tests such as the MMPI.  Then, later, b...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/63243434">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/63243434]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="11271710">
    <user id="250231">
    <name><![CDATA[Richard]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Brooklyn, NY]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/250231-richard]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>2</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 -0800 2005</read_at>
  <date_added>Sun Dec 30 08:40:49 -0800 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Dec 30 08:42:33 -0800 2007</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[It is said that Foucault enjoyed being whipped.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/11271710]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="33615716">
    <user id="1096417">
    <name><![CDATA[Tyler ]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1096417-tyler]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>1</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[Francophiles, Medical Historians]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Thu Sep 18 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Sep 23 10:20:48 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Sep 29 17:24:40 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Foucault’s discursive approach, in which little is explained, left too many loose ends for me to say I liked this book. Starting the first chapter gave me the feeling that I had missed 15 unseen chapters and was picking up in the middle of something. <br/><br/>This book, its meaning fixed firmly...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/33615716">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/33615716]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="18025719">
    <user id="193054">
    <name><![CDATA[Rob]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/193054-rob]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>3</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
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      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[those interested in foucault, psychiatric history, western philosophy]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sat Mar 01 00:00:00 -0800 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Mar 18 12:07:07 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Mar 18 12:16:33 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[however entitled i am to critique foucault, here goes: the man should have stayed away from arts criticism. this book, in its excavation of medical, legal, and philosophic thoughts on what it would mean to be mad from the 16th to 19th century (and how that impacts the present), is thoroughgoing and ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/18025719">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/18025719]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="11595016">
    <user id="175635">
    <name><![CDATA[Trevor]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Melbourne, Victoria, Australia]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/175635-trevor]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>2</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Jan 03 19:55:34 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Jan 03 20:19:25 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Philosophy for Foucault is a discourse, I guess a series of texts that cluster around a single topic and have a meaning as much based on their history as their current ‘meaning’.  It is too easy to get tangled in knots with words here – but this book is actually quite a simple read and incredi...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/11595016">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/11595016]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="43882225">
    <user id="442654">
    <name><![CDATA[Andrew]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Seattle, WA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/442654-andrew]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>0</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
        <shelf name="foucault" />
        <shelf name="theeeeeeory" />
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Jan 21 19:30:17 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Jan 21 19:32:51 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[There's none of the overarching brilliance of &quot;Discipline and Punish,&quot; but it remains a valuable read.  Foucault is one hell of a researcher, and this gleams with his skill.  Also, I really value his general spatial awareness, especially at a time when other critical thinkers (Bloch, Lukac...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/43882225">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/43882225]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="36174829">
    <user id="989694">
    <name><![CDATA[Christopher]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Austin, TX]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/989694-christopher-flynn]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
        <shelf name="theory" />
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[my wayward course of life]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Jan 12 22:03:37 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Oct 25 09:17:41 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jan 12 22:03:37 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count>1 1/2</read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I am working my way very sporadically through Didier Eribon's <em>Insult and the Making of the Gay Self</em>, which is readable enough and very persuasive in some respects. It's especially (but maybe too simplistically) compelling in its assertion that gay identities are formed in the matrix of a discourse i...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/36174829">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/36174829]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="49884828">
    <user id="132704">
    <name><![CDATA[Rebecca]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[San Jose, CA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/132704-rebecca]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Mar 20 12:38:08 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Mar 25 19:37:10 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I was able to grasp the concepts in this work more clearly than MF's Order of Things. This is a text that has given me a lot to think about over the years as a voting citizen.  What does it say about our society where we put the people considered dangerous, whether it be to themselves or others?  Wh...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/49884828">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/49884828]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="17171185">
    <user id="929972">
    <name><![CDATA[Dan]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Canada]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/929972-dan]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>3</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
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        <shelf name="philosophy" />
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 -0800 1997</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Mar 06 11:16:44 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Sep 22 07:48:46 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count>1</read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[As the title suggests, this book is about madness and civilization.  However, it does not argue that civilization is mad (for that, see Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents and N.O. Brown’s Life Against Death); rather, it argues that part of the way that civilization defines itself (rational...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/17171185">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/17171185]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="22790752">
    <user id="1208340">
    <name><![CDATA[Marisa]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1208340-marisa]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>3</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
        <shelf name="psychiatry" />
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sun Apr 19 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu May 22 20:41:05 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Apr 20 05:16:24 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I think this book is very useful in terms of things one might want to think about, but Foucault perhaps partially because he was an academic and not a clinician, and partially because of the times, is not very rigorous in his research or concerned with usual standards of... not exactly proof... he j...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/22790752">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/22790752]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="28359129">
    <user id="890228">
    <name><![CDATA[Ted]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[La Jolla, CA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/890228-ted-gideonse]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Tue Jul 01 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Jul 26 11:25:30 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Jul 26 11:29:52 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[While it seems that Discipline and Punish and <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1875.The_History_of_Sexuality_An_Introduction_Vintage_" title="The History of Sexuality  An Introduction (Vintage) by Michel Foucault">The History of Sexuality</a>, Vol. 1 are widely considered Foucault's great achievements as a philosopher-cum-social-scientist, Madness and Civilization is the most enjoyable and coherent book, and it's also the least pretentious. It's straight social histor...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/28359129">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/28359129]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="61852717">
    <user id="848441">
    <name><![CDATA[Erdem]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Vancouver, Canada]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/848441-erdem-tasdelen]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>3</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
  <sell_flag>false</sell_flag>
  <spoiler_flag>false</spoiler_flag>
  <shelves>
      </shelves>
  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Jul 06 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Jul 01 21:51:49 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jul 06 15:08:14 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[For the first time I thought about why the word &quot;asylum&quot; is used for institutions for the insane - makes so much sense after reading this.<br/><br/>Foucault's work on power is astonishing, but I have to say I enjoyed Discipline &amp; Punish more than this one. The quotes he's using are amazi...]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/61852717]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="45478388">
    <user id="1994359">
    <name><![CDATA[Christopherdhayward]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1994359-christopherdhayward]]></url>
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  <date_added>Thu Feb 05 12:17:37 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Feb 05 12:19:07 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Very interesting so far talking about how mental institutions started.  They were previously places for the unemployed and how scientists and doctors started classifying mental disorders such as melancholia and dementia ]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/45478388]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="53851764">
    <user id="920614">
    <name><![CDATA[Chris]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Hyannis, MA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/920614-chris]]></url>
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  <read_at>Fri Apr 24 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Apr 24 13:50:05 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Apr 24 13:51:38 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Dense but worthy. Did you know that the phrase &quot;ship of fools&quot; dates to the time when they'd round up all the town crazies, put them on a ship, and send them out to sea. Back then it was known as &quot;therapy.&quot;]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/53851764]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="47490008">
    <user id="2071616">
    <name><![CDATA[Kate]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Colchester, E4, The United Kingdom]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2071616-kate-hillier]]></url>
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  <read_at>Sat Mar 01 00:00:00 -0800 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Feb 25 09:26:38 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Feb 25 09:27:42 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Foucault is an brilliant Historian who charts the progress or lack of it of the treatment of the mentally ill. Read to be disturbed at how they were treated.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/47490008]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="75757913">
    <user id="2834635">
    <name><![CDATA[Josiah]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Yokohama, 19, Japan]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2834635-josiah]]></url>
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  <date_added>Mon Oct 26 06:16:51 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Oct 26 06:17:42 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[still don't really care for Foucault, but this has some interesting stuff in it (albeit tangential to whatever all encompassing argument he's going for)]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/75757913]]></url>
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