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  <title><![CDATA[Utilitarianism: For and Against]]></title>
  <isbn><![CDATA[052109822X]]></isbn>
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  <default_description>Two essays on utilitarianism, written from opposite points of view, by J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams. In the first part of the book Professor Smart advocates a modern and sophisticated version of classical utilitarianism; he tries to formulate a consistent and persuasive elaboration of the doctrine that the rightness and wrongness of actions is determined solely by their consequences, and in particular their consequences for the sum total of human happiness. This is a revised version of Professor Smart&amp;#8217;s famous essay &amp;#8216;an outline of a system of utilitarian ethics&amp;#8217;, first published in 1961 but long unobtainable. In Part II Bernard Williams offers a sustained and vigorous critique of utilitarian assumptions, arguments and ideals. He finds inadequate the theory of action implied by utilitarianism, and he argues that utilitarianism fails to engage at a serious level with the real problems of moral and political philosophy, and fails to make sense of notions such as integrity, or even human happiness itself. Both authors are agreed on utilitarianism&amp;#8217;s importance: it cuts across a number of different philosophical disputes and combines a systematic account of mata-ethical problems with a distinctive and substantive moral stand. It thus is, or involves, philosophy in both the traditional and the narrower, professional sense of the word, and is a key topic (often the first topic) in introductory philosophy courses. This book should also be of interest to welfare economists, political scientists and decision-theorists.</default_description>
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  <original_publication_year type="integer">1973</original_publication_year>
  <original_title>Utilitarianism: For and Against</original_title>
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      <name><![CDATA[Bernard Williams]]></name>
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      <name><![CDATA[J.J.C. Smart]]></name>
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  <read_at>Wed Aug 01 00:00:00 -0700 2007</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Aug 15 20:27:54 -0700 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Aug 17 06:07:10 -0700 2007</date_updated>
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    <body><![CDATA[I wonder: does anyone read Smart's half of this book anymore? <br/><br/>Williams loathes utilitarianism, which gives his attack some verve, but his attack seems totally inconclusive. He does manage to show that utilitarianism would, in extreme situations, have counter-intuitive consequences, and t...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/4619534">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="40136625">
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  <read_at>Fri Oct 01 00:00:00 -0700 2004</read_at>
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    <body><![CDATA[This is one of the better books on the topic, for Utilitarianism, or ethics, or philosophy in general; specifically for Utilitarianism, this is probably the best book to get introduced to the topic. J.J.C. Smart and Bernard Williams each take half the book to explain Utilitarianism as they understan...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/40136625">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="47224781">
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    <name><![CDATA[Shaheed Bhagat Singh]]></name>
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    <body><![CDATA[Philosophical hogwash at its finest. The &quot;against&quot; section by Bernard Williams in particular is a superb example of the sheer inanity of the analytic tradition. ]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/47224781]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="4027410">
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    <body><![CDATA[Smart is clearer, but Williams makes some good points (especially the odd position of utilitarianism being a theory which seemingly entails that people should really seldom use itself).]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/4027410]]></url>
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    <review id="11320806">
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    <body><![CDATA[Minor Classic]]></body>
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