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<book id="303065">
  <title><![CDATA[How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics]]></title>
  <isbn><![CDATA[0226321460]]></isbn>
  <isbn13><![CDATA[9780226321462]]></isbn13>
    <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1173555022m/303065.jpg</image_url>
    <work>
  <best_book_id type="integer">303065</best_book_id>
  <books_count type="integer">2</books_count>
  <default_description>The title of this scholarly yet remarkably accessible slice of contemporary cultural history has a whiff of paradox about it: what can it mean, exactly, to say that we humans have become something other than human? The answer, Katherine Hayles explains, lies not in ourselves but in our tools. Ever since the invention of electronic computers five decades ago, these powerful new machines have inspired a shift in how we define ourselves both as individuals and as a species.&lt;p&gt; Hayles tracks this shift across the history of avant-garde computer theory, starting with Norbert Weiner and other early &quot;cyberneticists,&quot; who were the first to systematically explore the similarities between living and computing systems. Hayles's study ends with artificial-life specialists, many of whom no longer even bother to distinguish between life forms and computers. Along the way she shows these thinkers struggling to reconcile their traditional, Western notions of human identity with the unsettling, cyborg directions in which their own work seems to be leading humanity.&lt;p&gt; This is more than just the story of a geek elite, however. Hayles looks at cybernetically inspired science fiction by the likes of Philip K. Dick, William Gibson, and Neal Stephenson to show how the larger culture grapples with the same issues that dog the technologists. She also draws lucidly on her own broad grasp of contemporary philosophy both to contextualize those issues and to contend with them herself. The result is a fascinating introduction--and a valuable addition--to one of the most important currents in recent intellectual history. &lt;I&gt;--Julian Dibbell&lt;/I&gt;</default_description>
  <id type="integer">294121</id>
  <media_type nil="true"></media_type>
  <original_language_id type="integer" nil="true"></original_language_id>
  <original_publication_day type="integer">15</original_publication_day>
  <original_publication_month type="integer">2</original_publication_month>
  <original_publication_year type="integer">1999</original_publication_year>
  <original_title>How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics</original_title>
  <rating_dist>total:81|5:36|4:23|3:16|2:5|1:1|</rating_dist>
  <ratings_count type="integer">81</ratings_count>
  <ratings_sum type="integer">331</ratings_sum>
  <reviews_count type="integer">166</reviews_count>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">9</text_reviews_count>
</work>

  <average_rating><![CDATA[4.09]]></average_rating>
  <ratings_count><![CDATA[81]]></ratings_count>
  <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[9]]></text_reviews_count>
  <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/303065.How_We_Became_Posthuman_Virtual_Bodies_in_Cybernetics_Literature_and_Informatics]]></url>
  <authors>
        <author id="71671">
      <name><![CDATA[N. Katherine Hayles]]></name>
      <role><![CDATA[]]></role>
      <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/71671.N_Katherine_Hayles]]></url>
      <average_rating><![CDATA[3.90]]></average_rating>
      <ratings_count><![CDATA[186]]></ratings_count>
      <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[21]]></text_reviews_count>
    </author>
      </authors>
    <reviews start="1" end="20" total="166">
    <review id="18056207">
    <user id="739630">
    <name><![CDATA[Brandon]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/739630-brandon]]></url>
  </user>
      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>2</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Sun Feb 01 00:00:00 -0800 2004</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Mar 18 18:35:01 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Mar 18 18:36:46 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Though I no longer agree with many of the points Hayles makes, no book has influenced my life and the way I understand the world more that this one.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/18056207]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="22483936">
    <user id="1166880">
    <name><![CDATA[slegg]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Benicia, CA]]></location>        
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      <rating>5</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Sun May 18 09:25:14 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun May 18 09:28:21 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Theory book on cybernetics.  I found it particularly inspiring in thinking about myself as a disabled person.  It's way cooler to be a cyborg than use the word disabled.  And the ways that we depend on machinery to construct our humanity grows and grows every day.  The freakishness of disability is ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/22483936">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/22483936]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="10322364">
    <user id="30920">
    <name><![CDATA[laura]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Cambridge, MA]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/30920-laura]]></url>
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      <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>0</votes>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[serious nerds, of the scientific, philosophic or literary persuasion.]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at>Mon Mar 01 00:00:00 -0800 2004</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Dec 12 09:52:00 -0800 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Dec 12 10:25:50 -0800 2007</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[i read this book as a senior in college in preparation for my thesis, which was basically about issues of selfhood and agency in a deterministic universe.  it was, at the time, one of the most difficult books i'd ever read and, correspondingly, one of the most satisfying.  the language can be diffic...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/10322364">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/10322364]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="44832318">
    <user id="144981">
    <name><![CDATA[Leonard Houx]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Portland, OR]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/144981-leonard-houx]]></url>
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      <rating>0</rating>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Jan 30 01:13:35 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Jan 30 01:18:22 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[So far, Hayles' book is amazing--an amazing work of research and blend of cybernetics and literary criticism.  That said, I think she is wrong (about how we became posthuman).<br/><br/>Hayles could also do without the pop references to Lacan--she should either take him seriously or not, but don't qu...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/44832318">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/44832318]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="38718300">
    <user id="1753804">
    <name><![CDATA[Emily]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1753804-emily-beall]]></url>
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      <rating>5</rating>
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  <read_at>Wed Oct 01 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Nov 26 16:24:03 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Nov 26 16:26:35 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[the perfect coda to my late-summer incessant reading of octavia butler.  i prize the freaky scholarly imagination it took to write this book]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/38718300]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="60216348">
    <user id="73">
    <name><![CDATA[MICHAEL]]></name>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
  <recommended_by><![CDATA[nick's friend conrad :)]]></recommended_by>
  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Jun 18 15:13:33 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Jun 18 15:15:16 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[i no longer have any capacity to remember names, phone numbers, or appointments.  Looks pretty interesting.]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/60216348]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="75601541">
    <user id="1491229">
    <name><![CDATA[Brittany]]></name>
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  <read_at>Sat Oct 24 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Oct 24 13:10:52 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Oct 28 22:12:48 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Chapter one]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/75601541]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="34433082">
    <user id="655723">
    <name><![CDATA[Nick]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Atlanta, GA]]></location>        
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Oct 03 08:33:43 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Oct 03 08:37:28 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This'll be my first Conrad-led foray into a field that, frankly, disturbs and confuses me. Science or no science -- there is no metascience, there is no try! It looks interesting, though, and five stars from Conrad the Mighty is a strong, strong recommendation to have backing it...]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/34433082]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="863256">
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    <name><![CDATA[Ashley]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[San Antonio, TX]]></location>        
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  <read_at>Mon Jan 26 15:53:57 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Apr 24 12:37:09 -0700 2007</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jan 26 15:53:57 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[holy academia, batman!]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/863256]]></url>
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  <date_updated>Tue Nov 17 07:05:53 -0800 2009</date_updated>
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  <date_added>Mon Nov 16 15:33:55 -0800 2009</date_added>
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  <date_added>Mon Jul 13 09:10:26 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jul 13 09:10:26 -0700 2009</date_updated>
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