What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam & Modernity in the Middle East

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What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam & Modernity in the Middle East

3.39 of 5 stars 3.39 · rating details · 1,272 ratings · 147 reviews

For centuries, the world of Islam was in the forefront of human achievement -- the foremost military and economic power in the world, the leader in the arts and sciences of civilization. Christian Europe was seen as an outer darkness of barbarism and unbelief from which there was nothing to learn or to fear. And then everything changed. The West won victory after victory,...more

Paperback, 186 pages

Published January 7th 2003 by Harper Perennial (first published 2001)

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Jul 30, 2007 Lena rated it 5 of 5 stars Recommends it for: People interested in Politics, History, and Cultures

Excellent book, although a little hard to read at times. It sheds light on the current day conflicts between Western culture and Middle Eastern culture by presenting the history between the two. Basically, the Middle East was more technoligically advanced while Europe was in the "dark ages", and therefore Middle Easterners developed a predjudice against the "backward" Europeans. But even though Europe caught up with and even passed the Middle East in technology, Middle Easterners never let go of...more

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Dec 31, 2008 Eric rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: history, middle-east, non-fiction, books-i-own

In this sleek and informative book, noted Middle East scholar Bernard Lewis examines the interaction between the Islamic world and the West. It's a fascinating and illuminating book.

At one time, the Muslim world was the richest, most powerful, and culturally advanced civilization on the planet. The Muslim empire encouraged education and learning, treated its minorities reasonably well, traded with its neighbors, and conquered every army it faced.

Because of its obvious superiority, the Muslim wo...more In this sleek and informative book, noted Middle East scholar Bernard Lewis examines the interaction between the Islamic world and the West. It's a fascinating and illuminating book.

At one time, the Muslim world was the richest, most powerful, and culturally advanced civilization on the planet. The Muslim empire encouraged education and learning, treated its minorities reasonably well, traded with its neighbors, and conquered every army it faced.

Because of its obvious superiority, the Muslim world felt that no other culture or nation - Christian Europe, India, China - offered anything of value. Muslims paid little attention to what was going on inside those countries, beyond what immediately affected them.

So when Europe advanced through the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment, the Muslims missed it. Suddenly, their armies were losing. Suddenly, they were losing previously won territories to backward nations like Russia. Even Napoleon himself successfully invaded Egypt.

But it went beyond the military. Europe and other regions were catching up to Islamic knowledge and surpassing it. Many Muslims belatedly realized they had better keep a closer eye on the Western world, and maybe even learn from it. But not enough Muslims agreed, and though Muslim embassies were established in western capitols, and many Muslim ambassadors wrote alarming books about the rapid advancement of the West, the Islamic world fell further behind, in military and economic terms. It is still trying to catch up.

In the meantime, the Western world was having its own effect on the Muslim world. Some influences were eagerly adopted, others resisted, others adopted grudgingly. So when you hear Muslims today bemoaning the corrosive Western influence of their culture, they have a point. It's been going on for centuries, though, and Muslim nations haven't always handled it well.

Lewis examines every aspect of Western influence - art, music, time, technology, and more. It's a surprisingly exhaustive account for such a slim book. Short or not, the book is a vital tool for gaining an understanding of the Muslim world today. (less)

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May 02, 2013 Valdeir rated it 3 of 5 stars

Interesting and informative book. I began reading this book with a negative view of the author because of previous work I've seen from him, mainly excerpts and small articles. They presented to me a person who was very racist towards Middle Easterners and who firmly believed in Western Imperialism Supremacy over the Middle East region. After reading this book, I have changed my view point into a more positive because of how he delivered his information. Even though I still noticed a certain supr...more

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Jan 31, 2013 Louise rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: middle-east, islam

What went wrong? The Middle East, once a power to be reckoned with, is now noted for its poverty, political weakness and the under-education of its people. Some say it is the fault of outside powers. Professor Lewis looks deeper, seeing this not as a cause but a symptom. He explores why the region was vulnerable to those outside powers.

He notes that some have considered the causes to be military, economic and/or political weaknesses. Attempts to modernize in these areas have met with military fa...more What went wrong? The Middle East, once a power to be reckoned with, is now noted for its poverty, political weakness and the under-education of its people. Some say it is the fault of outside powers. Professor Lewis looks deeper, seeing this not as a cause but a symptom. He explores why the region was vulnerable to those outside powers.

He notes that some have considered the causes to be military, economic and/or political weaknesses. Attempts to modernize in these areas have met with military failure, continued poverty and democracy without freedom. For root causes Lewis looks to the culture, specifically, the historical and current role of women, attitude towards science and the role of music.

I was glad to see a serious discussion of the role of women as a cause for poverty, etc. Having half of the population hobbled in participating in the economic, political, intellectual and cultural life, by its very nature, "dumbs down" the environment. Also, what kind of grown ups are expected to result from having the sole parent responsible for raising children limited in experience of the real world? A sheltered life and a sub-standard education do not prepare anyone for the many roles (guiding, role modeling, advising, advocating/protecting) a parent or caregiver must play.

Although replete with examples, music is the weakest discussion. Lewis' analysis works for me if music is seen as a proxy for the characteristic ignoring/shunning of western life and culture (he discusses clothing, learning languages, marrying "outsiders"/diversity separately). Lewis shows a long history of insularity. In music, as with science, the culture looked inward and did not easily absorb new ideas. Both music and art have been suspect by some Middle Eastern religious leaders. There is a history of not just censorship, but total prohibition in different parts of the Middle East.

Lewis shows how insularity stunted the political development of the region. While it received ambassadors it did not send them. It used messengers who would deliver and return. With this system and no foreign languages studied/spoken, generations of experience in diplomacy were lost.

Often books that result from synthesizing lectures, articles, etc., are disjointed or repetitive and don't read well together. This book, does a reasonable job of joining of 3 lectures and previous publications.

I recommend it for anyone interested in the cultural roots of the problems in the Middle East.
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Jun 17, 2012 Dale rated it 3 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Not the best of Bernard Lewis

Published January 24th 2002 by Oxford University Press, USA
Hardcover, 192 pages

I've read two other books by Lewis and found both of them to be much more comprehensive and satisfying than this one. My dissatisfaction stems from the title. The title What Went Wrong? implies a discussion of how the Islam world went from being the most advanced culture on the planet to one of the most insular and, in many ways, most backwards cultures on the planet. While such a discuss...more

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Jul 30, 2011 Sam Norton added it

Before I even start to read this I just want to say "Wow!" It takes a lot of fortitude (though not necessarily an equal amount of brains) to title your book about Islam "What Went Wrong." I'm pretty sure this is exactly what Edward Said is talking about in "Orientalism."

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Just as I expected, an extremely judgmental look at the Middle East and Islam. This is absolutel...more

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Apr 21, 2011 Bojan Tunguz rated it 5 of 5 stars

As many other readers have suggested, this is not Bernard Lewes' best work, and it is a bit of a failure in one important respect: it doesn't answer the rhetorical question from the title. Lewis is much better at describing historic events and finding out insightful and important tidbits of information than he is at deeper analysis. This is quite understandable, since he is a historian of the old school and neither political nor social scientist. Nonetheless, this is a fascinating and interestin...more

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Sep 13, 2009 Roger Burk rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

This is a capsule history of Islamic civilization in the Middle East from about 1500 to the present, with an emphasis on how from the late 1600s it fell further and further behind the West in wealth, culture, and military might. Lewis puts the blame on a myopic and inward-turning culture that took hold in the region. When European universities established chairs of Arabic and Persian, no European language was studied in the Ottoman or Persian realms. Europeans travelled often to the East and wro...more This is a capsule history of Islamic civilization in the Middle East from about 1500 to the present, with an emphasis on how from the late 1600s it fell further and further behind the West in wealth, culture, and military might. Lewis puts the blame on a myopic and inward-turning culture that took hold in the region. When European universities established chairs of Arabic and Persian, no European language was studied in the Ottoman or Persian realms. Europeans travelled often to the East and wrote popular books about their travels, but Muslims traveled to Christian lands only when absolutely necessary, returned as soon as possible, and wrote little. Western literature was totally ignored. Western history was almost totally ignored. Western science and technology aroused little interest until military defeats made their need obvious. Even such everyday devices as clocks and printing presses were not widely adopted until the 19th century, long after they were widespread in the West.

Lewis dismisses the argument that Islam itself is incompatible with an advanced and curious culture. He stresses that Islamic civilization led the world in the Middle Ages and eagerly sought after and preserved the knowldge of antiquity. He also has little patience with those who blame the imperialists, the British, the Jews, or the Americans. He notes that the decline started long before they arrived, that in fact the decline made such interlopers possible, and that whenever such interlopers left things only got worse.

The book is full of wonderful tidbits. Did you know that when the British Empire was working to abolish the trade in black slaves from Africa to Ottoman lands, at the same time there was a trade in white slaves from the Caucasus that the British totally ignored?

Lewis does go too far at times. He says the Caliphate must have already been weak in the 13th century to be conquered by the Mongols, but the Mongols also conquered China, so I'd say they were pretty much irresistable. But on the whole, he seems to be fair-minded and to base his judgments on broad scholarly knowledge of the historical evidence.
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Jan 01, 2011 Jon rated it 2 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: books-read-2011

I picked this book up because a) subject matter is fascinating to me in my endeavor to understand the Middle East better and b) it claimed to be a New York Times Bestseller. I found it to be alarmingly boring. Evidently it was an aggregate of a series of lectures that Bernard Lewis performed and therefore far too scholarly for my tastes. The writing was exceptionally dry. His conclusion in my opinion is spot on and does tie the preceding chapters together well, but the bulk of this book did not...more

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Jan 06, 2013 Will rated it 3 of 5 stars

"The changed relationship may be seen in a simple example, that traditional Middle-Eastern indulgence, a cup of coffee. Coffee originally came from Ethiopia. It was brought up both shores of the Red Sea, through Arabia and Egypt, to Syria and to Turkey, and then exported to Europe. Sugar came from Persia and India. For a long time, both coffee and sugar were imports to Europe, either through or from the Middle East. But then the colonial powers found that they could grow coffee and sugar more ab...more

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Sep 09, 2012 Scott rated it 4 of 5 stars

Very interesting, though dizzyingly fast tour through about 800 years of Middle East history and the interactions between Islamic and Western cultures. The book focuses on comparing the Islam of the past - at the forefront of freethinking tolerance and scientific inquiry - to the present - a culture that long ago fell behind its Western neighbors/competitors in terms of innovation and human rights. It's a massive topic that the book blazes through in about 160 pages, which leaves a lot of explan...more

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Jul 08, 2011 Arjun Mishra rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: politics, history

Overall, this was an enjoyable and engaging book. Middle-Eastern history is fascinating and new to me. I have started reading Bernard Lewis because I found him all over Samuel Huntington. Chapters 4 and 5 on secularism and civil society are illuminating and the two best chapters. However, I had many quibbles and problems with the book.

Lewis did not deal with the Middle East or Islam as monolithic since he divided it into Turkish, Arabic, and Iranian, but the book lacked nuance and detail in that...more

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May 05, 2013 Khalid Ismail rated it 3 of 5 stars

In this book Bernard Lewis discusses the transfer of power from the Ottomans in the East to the Europeans in the West explaining in details the beginning of the inclination era in the Islamic empire after Vienna siege and the impact of peace treaty of Carlowitz on the political relations between the two sides.

It is really obvious that Lewis knows a lot of Middle East and Middle Eastern history more than the Middle Easterns themselves, but he is biased. Throughout the book, he indicates that the...more In this book Bernard Lewis discusses the transfer of power from the Ottomans in the East to the Europeans in the West explaining in details the beginning of the inclination era in the Islamic empire after Vienna siege and the impact of peace treaty of Carlowitz on the political relations between the two sides.

It is really obvious that Lewis knows a lot of Middle East and Middle Eastern history more than the Middle Easterns themselves, but he is biased. Throughout the book, he indicates that the Arabs had translated many books from the Greek and the East Asian civilizations and added to it. At the same time, he attributes the modernization of Europe to its leaders and military chiefs. He totally dismissed the inherited knowledge and books from Al-Andulus (Ancient Spain).

He raised the question: "Is it that Islam is the reason holding the Muslims from catching up with Europe? Or is it the Muslims themselves who are doing something wrong?". To find out, the Ottomans began sending ambassadors and diplomatics to understand the secret. After the a while, the results of this huge step came out negative and the Ottomans had decided to send young students to learn the western languages, study in their universities and come back with a great deal of knowledge. Eventually, it ended up with the students living in Europe and refuse coming back home. This did not occur immediately, there was an argument with the religious authority discussing if it is permissible to imitate the Westerns, teaching the young Ottomans and travel to their countries.

Then, Lewis discusses the insertion of parliament and constitution into the Eastern world and how this was a transition point articulating the penetration of the Western ideas in the East. This led to suppression, oppression, no freedom and less right.

On page 69, Lewis says: "The slave could be freed by his master; the unbeliever could at any time become a believer by his own chioce, and thus end his inferiority. Only the woman was doomed forever to remain what she was or so it seemed at the time". This conventional misinterpretation from the West toward woman in Islam is not new. Since the revealation of Islam, the religion has not oppressed an individual. It is the Muslims themselves who replace what Islam says about women with their traditions and culture.

Then in the five chapter, Lewis explains the European experience of separating the political administration from the religion and the church. He believes that was the focal point which has led to modernity and civilization !. That compelled the Turkish to absorb the political western ideas and adopted secularism and eliminated the Islamic shari'a thinking this will contribute in competing with Europe.

Ultimately, regarding the concepts of freedom, modernization, cultural influence, I highly recommend Lewis to re-read the biographies of Omar Bin Al Khattab, Omar Bin Abdulaziz, Salah Aldien Al Ayobi, Mo'wiya Abo Sofyan and the list goes on. I bet the word "freedom" doesn't have a spot in the Europeans' dictionary of all languages at that time !!.(less)

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Dec 16, 2012 Absurdfarce rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: discards

While filled with rich historical detail this slender volume never really attempts to come to grips with the question contained in it's title. Professor Lewis describes an early Islamic culture open to others, noting in rich detail the role that this culture played in preserving many Greek and Roman classics when the western empire was overrun by the "barbarians". By the 18th and 19th century this culture had simultaneously fallen behind the surging West and turned inward. Attempts were made to...more

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Sep 11, 2011 David rated it 4 of 5 stars

On this 10th anniversary of 9/11, I remember the impact that this book had on me in 2002.

1,000 years ago, Muslim culture was superior to that of Europe. The failed Christian Crusades were followed by Islamic conquest of most of the then-known world. By 1600, that superiority had been reversed ... why? The Ottoman Empire (the remnants of Muslim conquest that once included Spain, India and much of Southern Europe) dwindled, but lasted until nearly 1920.

The book details the decline of a once-grea...more

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Mar 18, 2009 Daniel rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction, socio-economic

This fascinating, insightful examination of the Middle Eastern psyche is a indespensible introductory guide to those desparate to understand why the West seems so hated by the Middle East, especially in light of events of the last decade.
Lewis examines the issues from a historic and economic perspective, with a keen insight on the shifting sands of power, knowledge and culture that ultimately led to the fall of the Middle Eastern nations from pre-eminence in the light of Western ambition, and ho...more

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Jan 15, 2009 Muzaffaralirana rated it 2 of 5 stars

Good book with little biased view for Muslims, but a good book for reading the point of view of Christians or a Christian writer that what created the current scenario regarding the change in attitude of the West regarding the Muslims.

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Aug 20, 2012 Alex rated it 4 of 5 stars

Bernard Lewis sometimes gets a little gleeful in his recollection of the breakdown of the great Muslim empire of the teen centuries A.D., but overall, he provides a great look into, to me at least, a history that is rarely or never discussed.

Coming into Lewis' book, I was ignorant to the rise of the Muslim empires and their subsequent decline as Europe and its monarchs came to power. Especially in these days of cultural rifts between the West and the Middle East, this book needs to be read by an...more

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May 08, 2011 Shannon Quinn rated it 2 of 5 stars

This book was interesting and informative about middle eastern culture and how and why it is what it is today. It's organized in a way that makes it repetitive and boring. And while the first three chapters are on topic -- what went wrong -- it feels like the last third drifts and loses focus. The afterword, which explained that chapters 1-3 were taken from speeches given, and the last from separate writings, really explained why there was not a cohesive narrative. Maybe if I'd read that in the...more

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Oct 29, 2012 David rated it 3 of 5 stars

As with and Bernard Lewis book, excellently researched with a sweep of history that allows him to connect dots separated by hundreds of years. However there was no point of view in the central question of the title-- what went wrong? For example, much detail on the Islamic worlds scientific preeminence in the early Middle Ages and then their retreat from it but no compact theory for why. It seemed that Lewis wanted to blame lack of church/state separation and suppression of women as the main cul...more

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Oct 24, 2012 Chris rated it 3 of 5 stars

I'd give this book 3.5 stars. First off, the book is interesting and informative. It looks at a lot of ways that Islam has clashed with Modernity and Westernism over the past 1200 years or so. It's also a short book, providing a good overview and references if you are inclined to dig into an area more deeply. The problem is that the book delivers much less than it sells. I'm excusing the author completely for the what 9/11 did to the expectations for a book with this title (the book was complete...more

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Feb 14, 2011 Carlos Alonso-Niemeyer rated it 3 of 5 stars

Lewis is one of the best authors to write about the Middle East. I admire the culture surrounding Islam. I had the honor to work with various persons who live in the Middle East and are proud of their culture and traditions. They are spiritual and enigmatic. This book provides a very good explanation of what has happened during the past 100 years.
One of the main reasons for some of the disparities between the west and the Arabic world is the fact that woman have not been able to participate in...more

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Jul 31, 2011 Matthew Moes rated it 4 of 5 stars

This was an interesting book; food for thought... But there is no CLASH between Islam and modernity anymore than anything else is clashing - perhaps "clashing" is modernity - noisy, consumptive, disgruntled "clashing". At least, that's what Future Shock was about in the '70s. Personally I think Charles Le Gai Eaton is more on point about this issue in his book "Remembering God". In sum, we need alternatives. Modernity is not delivering on any of its glittering promises. The biggest mistake Musli...more

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Jan 21, 2011 Arlene rated it 3 of 5 stars

I find this book very informative, and oddly readable.

I learned that there is a difference between "modernity" and "westernization." It made sense to me for the first time that the Islamic world wants to "modernize" (build buildings, engage in commerce, have wealth and success), and yet resists western ideas of democracy, separation of "church" and state, and most of all equality of women. Previously, I was just confused by what appeared a chaotic value system visa-vie the western world; I knew...more

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May 29, 2010 Jeffrey rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: history-military

Analysis of Islamic civilization since the Middle Ages and why these societies moved from the pre-eminent scientific, economic and military power in the world to fall far behind the European powers of the West. The book delves deeply into the difference between Eastern and Western concepts of the boundaries between religion and government/law; the sources of Eastern unwillingness to adopt new ideas from the West; and the gap in scientific and military innovation between East and West. A fascinat...more

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Feb 07, 2009 Allison rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

A high rating because I feel like it's enlightening history to be aware of. It seems a little disjunct, as a book, but then I read the acknowledgements and it was given as public lectures at different times, between 1999 to 2001 and published in 2002. So it also has the disadvantage of being out of date already, but there's plenty in there to get your mind thinking, and as it was written by an expert in the field for more than seventy years. Definitely recommended for anyone who might be interes...more

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Jul 19, 2010 Kristin rated it 3 of 5 stars

Perfect short summer read. Great if you're interested in supplementing other books on Islam and the West. Lewis is from the "old guard" so some of his premises or thesis may seem a little antique, but they are supported heavily with well researched material.

I gave it three rather than 4 starts because he focuses much of his evidence around Turkey; which as we know is far more "modern" than other Islamic countries in the Middle East. I'm not sure if his hypothesis would have been easily support i...more

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Jun 08, 2009 Simon Cleveland rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: middle-east

After reading `What Went Wrong? : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East', I was impressed with Mr. Lewis' level of detail and clarity of writing on topics such as religion and modernity. Now, after completing `The Middle East', I'm reminded yet again of his talent to construct detailed historical account of the political, religious and socio-economic aspects of life in that region. In this latest book, Mr. Lewis examines the major factors leading to the complexity of issues pl...more

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Apr 21, 2012 Cameron Etchart rated it 3 of 5 stars

This book is an interesting look at why the Middle East (and the Muslim mindset) did not succeed on the world stage. It is an interesting book, although I would not have read it if not for being a required school book, I am glad I read it (albeit quickly). Sometimes the author's evidences are weak, although many are well thought out. I wished the last paragraph of the book (re how the failure affects modern terrorism/Middle Eastern relations/war) would have been a chapter, left me wanting the im...more

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Feb 09, 2013 Chris rated it 5 of 5 stars

Lewis is incredibly insightful as he traces the (often one-way) flow of ideas between east and west up through the 20th century. Given Western propensities for meddling in Middle Eastern affairs, criticism to my taste needs to walk a thin, respectful line in order not to come off as victim blaming. Lewis treads this line well; through harbingers of culture and society such as music, literature, science, etc. he reasons why modernity has been slow in reaching the Middle East. Of the many factors...more

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About Bernard Lewis

Bernard Lewis, FBA (born May 31, 1916) is a British-American historian, scholar in Oriental studies, and political commentator. He is the Cleveland E. Dodge Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. He specializes in the history of Islam and the interaction between Islam and the West, and is especially famous in academic circles for his works on the history of the Ottoman...more

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Books by Bernard Lewis

The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror

The Multiple Identities of the Middle East

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“Secularism in the Christian world was an attempt to resolve the long and destructive struggle of church and state. Separation, adopted in the American and French Revolutions and elsewhere after that, was designed to prevent two things: the use of religion by the state to reinforce and extend its authority; and the use of the state power by the clergy to impose their doctrines and rules on others. This is a problem long seen as purely Christian, not relevant to Muslims or for that matter to Jews, for whom a similar problem has arisen in Israel. Looking at the contemporary Middle East, both Muslim and Jewish, one must ask whether this is still true -- or whether Muslims and Jews may perhaps have caught a Christian disease and might therefore consider a Christian remedy.” — 4 people liked it

“In 1940, we knew who we were, we knew who the enemy was, we knew the dangers and the issues," he told me when I pressed him for a reading of the struggle against Islamic radicalism. "In our island, we knew we would prevail, that the Americans would be drawn into the fight. It is different today. We don't know who we are, we don't know the issues, and we still do not understand the nature of the enemy.” — 4 people liked it

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