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<book id="2652751">
  <title><![CDATA[Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind]]></title>
  <isbn><![CDATA[0618879641]]></isbn>
  <isbn13><![CDATA[9780618879649]]></isbn13>
  <work>
  <best-book-id type="integer">2652751</best-book-id>
  <books-count type="integer">6</books-count>
  <default-description>How the accidents of evolution created our quirky, imperfect minds-and what we can do about it.  Are we noble in reason? Perfect, in God's image? Far from it, says New York University psychologist Gary Marcus. In this lucid and revealing book, Marcus argues that the mind is not an elegantly designed organ but a kluge, a clumsy, cobbled-together contraption. He unveils a fundamentally new way of looking at the human mind  think duct tape, not supercomputer that sheds light on some of the most mysterious aspects of human nature.  Taking us on a tour of the fundamental areas of human experience memory, belief, decision-making, language, and happiness Marcus reveals the myriad ways our minds fall short. He examines why people often vote against their own interests, why money cant buy happiness, why leaders often stick to bad decisions, and why a sentence like people people left left ties us into knots even though its only four words long. He also offers surprisingly effective ways to outwit our inner kluge for example, always consider alternative explanations, make contingency plans, and beware the vivid, personal anecdote. Throughout, he shows how only evolution haphazard and undirected could have produced the minds we humans have, while making a brilliant case for the power and usefulness of imperfection.</default-description>
  <id type="integer">2677494</id>
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  <original-language-id type="integer" nil="true"></original-language-id>
  <original-publication-day type="integer">16</original-publication-day>
  <original-publication-month type="integer">4</original-publication-month>
  <original-publication-year type="integer">2008</original-publication-year>
  <original-title>Kluge: The Haphazard Construction of the Human Mind</original-title>
  <rating-dist>total:135|5:11|4:63|3:46|2:13|1:2|</rating-dist>
  <ratings-count type="integer">135</ratings-count>
  <ratings-sum type="integer">473</ratings-sum>
  <reviews-count type="integer">379</reviews-count>
  <text-reviews-count type="integer">49</text-reviews-count>
</work>

  <average_rating><![CDATA[3.50]]></average_rating>
  <ratings_count><![CDATA[126]]></ratings_count>
  <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[47]]></text_reviews_count>
  <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2652751.Kluge_The_Haphazard_Construction_of_the_Human_Mind]]></url>
  <authors>
        <author id="150160">
      <name><![CDATA[Gary F. Marcus]]></name>
      <role><![CDATA[]]></role>
      <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/150160.Gary_F_Marcus]]></url>
      <average_rating><![CDATA[3.82]]></average_rating>
      <ratings_count><![CDATA[50]]></ratings_count>
      <text_reviews_count><![CDATA[8]]></text_reviews_count>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <reviews start="1" end="20" total="379">
    <review id="22910449">
  <user id="220791">
    <name><![CDATA[Lena]]></name>
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    <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>11</votes>
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  <date_added>Sun May 25 02:23:55 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jun 01 06:52:23 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Kluge is a slang term for &quot;a clumsy or inelegant solution to a problem.&quot;  In this new book, psychologist Gary Marcus argues that the human mind itself is a kluge, and then goes on to discuss how this explains why you can't remember the name of that woman from your yoga class when you run i...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/22910449">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="45067771">
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    <name><![CDATA[Deirdre]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[New York, NY]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <date_added>Sun Feb 01 14:27:34 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Feb 01 14:27:49 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[&quot;My brain! It's my second favorite organ!&quot; said Miles Monroe, aka Woody Allen, in Sleeper. I agree! And now Gary Marcus comes along to explain that the brain is just a patched-together mass of cells that rarely interact smoothly. How shocking. So much for God's loftiest of creations--human...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/45067771">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="75116638">
  <user id="162116">
    <name><![CDATA[Joel]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[The United States]]></location>        
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    <rating>3</rating>
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  <date_added>Tue Oct 20 07:42:44 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Oct 20 07:52:30 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Gary Marcus, NYU professor of psychology, is intent on letting you know that your brain is not as rational as you think it is.  This book focuses mainly on cognitive errors and what they tell us about the brain. Marcus relies heavily on the metaphor of the brain as computer and employs an engineerig...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/75116638">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/75116638?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="64951091">
  <user id="175635">
    <name><![CDATA[Trevor]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Melbourne, Australia]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>8</votes>
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  <date_added>Sat Jul 25 18:38:31 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Jul 25 18:42:24 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[In some ways the start of this is just <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/226665.The_Psychology_of_Judgment_and_Decision_Making" title="The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making by Scott Plous">The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making</a> put into chapters and continuous prose.  Not that I mean that as a bad thing – quite the opposite.  The ideas in both books are terribly important to anyone with a brain, particularly anyone who finds that brain ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/64951091">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/64951091?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="20042602">
  <user id="734313">
    <name><![CDATA[Derrick]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Irving, TX]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
  <votes>1</votes>
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  <read_at>Sun Apr 27 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Apr 12 22:17:12 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Apr 27 18:33:59 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Marcus takes a new slant: our brains are the products of evolution, and as such, are not perfect. In fact, they're a &quot;kluge&quot; of different evolutionary developments, each overlaying on top of each other. He ends the book with some advice on how we can handle our imperfect minds - sort of li...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/20042602">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="45257632">
  <user id="285565">
    <name><![CDATA[Rebecca]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Austin, TX]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at>Fri Feb 13 00:00:00 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Feb 03 09:58:13 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Feb 13 16:00:17 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This is a short (almost <em>too</em> short) and accessible introduction to the idea that the human mind is, well, not as perfect as we like to believe.  While evolution does lead to supremely well-designed and efficient organisms and biological processes, it also leads to a lot of junk.  Marcus uses the term...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/45257632">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="39780447">
  <user id="1791585">
    <name><![CDATA[Harry]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Jersey City, NJ]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <read_at>Mon Dec 01 00:00:00 -0800 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Wed Dec 10 09:15:04 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Jan 15 15:33:18 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Finally, a &quot;pop science&quot; book that doesn't sacrifice breadth or accuracy in a pleasant and short read. Think &quot;Malcolm Gladwell&quot;, but from the perspective of a real scientist, and hence, a more accurate description of the studies cited to support the main point of the book. (Thoug...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/39780447">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="56862687">
  <user id="2272588">
    <name><![CDATA[Bo]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Montgomery, AL]]></location>        
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    <rating>3</rating>
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  <read_at>Fri May 22 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu May 21 10:34:20 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri May 22 22:18:31 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[A long article stretched to a small book.  This popsci book will be disappointing to anyone who tends to follow brain/mind science, but to someone who is new to the field will enjoy this book.  <br/><br/>The premise is that the mind's faults are due to the brain's having been evolving in a stepwis...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/56862687">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="58233904">
  <user id="1469457">
    <name><![CDATA[Kristin]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Evanston, IL]]></location>        
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <recommended_for><![CDATA[non-fiction lovers, brain enthusiasts, evolution enthusiasts]]></recommended_for>
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  <read_at>Fri Sep 18 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Tue Jun 02 17:13:13 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Oct 14 00:08:38 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This is for you, Kirsti!<br/><br/>First of all, I learned a new word in reading &quot;Kluge&quot;, and I have used that word in conversation already. And had to explain it. But that's hardly the point of this book.<br/><br/>The point, largely, is that the human brain, once so lauded (see the Bib...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/58233904">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="37236156">
  <user id="1694791">
    <name><![CDATA[KC]]></name>
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <read_at>Fri Aug 01 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Sun Nov 09 01:16:17 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Nov 09 01:34:16 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Written by a psychologist, this is a pop-science account of our imperfect brains.  His premise is that our brains arose as naturally selected Rube Goldberg-style adaptations of existing structures between our ears.  He then examines the consequences of our cobbled together heads and how we live and ...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/37236156">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="27475339">
  <user id="1286876">
    <name><![CDATA[Nick]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Charlottesville, VA]]></location>        
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    <rating>3</rating>
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  <date_added>Wed Jul 16 18:31:59 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Wed Jul 16 19:14:52 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I guess I went in to this book already agreeing with the author. I've held my memory in contempt for quite a while, and that was one of the chapters of the book. It was an enjoyable book, especially the many references to study that showed just how 'kluge-y' the brain is. However, I enjoyed <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1185416.La_Voie_et_sa_vertu_Tao_t_king_Points_Sagesses_16_ISSN_0339_4239_" title="La Voie et sa vertu =  Tao-tê-king (Points   Sagesses ; 16 ISSN 0339-4239) by Laozi">On Intelligence</a>...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27475339">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="27285367">
  <user id="1182179">
    <name><![CDATA[Jesse]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Brooklyn, NY]]></location>        
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    <rating>2</rating>
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  <read_at>Sun Jul 06 00:00:00 -0700 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Mon Jul 14 23:38:19 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Jul 15 10:37:26 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Rather than being 'noble in thought,' Gary Marcus says that the human brain a collection of functional, yet haphazardly processes. A Kluge. Marcus, director of NYU's Infant Language Learning Center (CW was a study participant there), sets out various examples: We form beliefs without proper logic, o...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27285367">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27285367?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="40491313">
  <user id="1716967">
    <name><![CDATA[Orin]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Windsor Mill, MD]]></location>        
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    <rating>3</rating>
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  <read_at>Mon Dec 01 00:00:00 -0800 2008</read_at>
  <date_added>Fri Dec 19 16:43:59 -0800 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Fri Dec 19 16:50:13 -0800 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I would have liked a more technical approach, but the author's behavioral approach makes the point.  When the book descended into the idiom of self-help books, I became restive.  But there are many good points, well made, and we should be aware of how our brains are less miraculous than just really,...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/40491313">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="64881659">
  <user id="2051994">
    <name><![CDATA[Beth]]></name>
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <read_at>Mon Jul 27 00:00:00 -0700 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Sat Jul 25 05:08:07 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Jul 27 05:11:18 -0700 2009</date_updated>
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    <body><![CDATA[Found the content very interesting, not only as it applies to me but also, as a teacher, as it applies to my students (and why some of them just can't memorize their math facts or other useful information :-)  I'm reminded of the importance that learning be contextual and am further inspired to keep...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/64881659">more...</a>]]></body>
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</review>
    <review id="70440937">
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    <name><![CDATA[Keya]]></name>
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  <date_added>Mon Sep 07 23:42:40 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Mon Sep 28 02:57:52 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[While I agree w/ contextual memory and hence decisions made/beliefs adopted b/c of such, I think Marcus drastically oversimplified matters primarily claiming context-dependent memory as sole factor for why mental faculties are flawed. I think there's a lot more to it than that, particularly pertaini...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/70440937">more...</a>]]></body>
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    <review id="55306539">
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    <name><![CDATA[Mysticzack]]></name>
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  <read_at></read_at>
  <date_added>Thu May 07 16:11:16 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu May 07 16:13:34 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[This has some conclusions in strange parts that don't follow (Our brains are wired funny, so there is no Creator) but all in all it's an excellent account of evolution's legacy in our brains.  It is really clear that we have limitations, but Oh my goodness!<br/><br/><br/>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/55306539?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="41747951">
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    <name><![CDATA[Pete]]></name>
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    <rating>2</rating>
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  <date_added>Sat Jan 03 14:09:07 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sat Jan 03 14:13:23 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Not a terribly convincing or interesting book. At least pop psych like ye olde &quot;Naked Ape&quot; had some funny theories. This one runs along with a theory that we're the haphazard product of evolution leading to some innate inconsistencies. Seems a bit obvious. ]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/41747951?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="27814719">
  <user id="1134365">
    <name><![CDATA[Tim]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Portland, ME]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/1134365-tim?utm_medium=api]]></url>
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    <rating>4</rating>
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  <date_added>Sun Jul 20 20:06:06 -0700 2008</date_added>
  <date_updated>Sun Jul 20 20:13:08 -0700 2008</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Interesting take on the kluginess of the human brain - the pro-tem additions made through evolution that have our logical human brain at odds with our more primitive brain. Marcus seems to bemoan the inefficiencies of the human brain as it has evolved, with its attendant errors; I wonder if evolutio...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27814719">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/27814719?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="49799597">
  <user id="2143739">
    <name><![CDATA[Amy]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Hillsborough, NC]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2143739-amy-turner?utm_medium=api]]></url>
  </user>
    <rating>3</rating>
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  <read_at>Sun Mar 01 00:00:00 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Mar 19 14:19:38 -0700 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Tue Apr 07 17:09:40 -0700 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[Lots of interesting studies.   For example, one showed that people tend to justify the status quo by asking what they thought the rule should be on, say, feeding stray cats.   They told half the people that this was now forbidden, the other half that it was allowed.  Most people agreed with whatever...<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/49799597">more...</a>]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/49799597?utm_medium=api]]></url>
</review>
    <review id="46891731">
  <user id="2039983">
    <name><![CDATA[Morgan]]></name>
    <location><![CDATA[Brooklyn, NY]]></location>        
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/user/show/2039983-morgan?utm_medium=api]]></url>
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    <rating>5</rating>
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  <read_at>Sat Jan 03 00:00:00 -0800 2009</read_at>
  <date_added>Thu Feb 19 14:50:53 -0800 2009</date_added>
  <date_updated>Thu Feb 19 14:52:15 -0800 2009</date_updated>
  <read_count></read_count>
    <body><![CDATA[I love books on the brain, and how strange it's workings are. And this books really explains it - a bit scary - with some good advice - quite a story. It sure makes you think...]]></body>
    <url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/46891731?utm_medium=api]]></url>
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