Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World

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Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World

by Margaret MacMillan, Richard Holbrooke (Foreword)

4.01 of 5 stars 4.01 · rating details · 3,409 ratings · 253 reviews

National Bestseller

New York Times Editors’ Choice

Winner of the PEN Hessell Tiltman Prize

Winner of the Duff Cooper Prize

Silver Medalist for the Arthur Ross Book Award
of the Council on Foreign Relations

Finalist for the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award

For six months in 1919, after the end of “the war to end all wars,” the Big Three—President Woodrow Wilson, British prime minis...more

Paperback, 570 pages

Published September 9th 2003 by Random House Trade Paperbacks (first published September 6th 2001)

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Dec 21, 2008 Trevor rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: history

Do you know what I hate? I hate it when I find out that something I have known for years and years is not actually true. As a case in point, take the Treaty of Versailles. I hadn’t really thought about it all that much, but if asked I would have said that it would have most likely come out of a peace conference and that peace conference would have been held at Versailles. I know, I can be terribly literal at times. I also would have guessed that the conference might have lasted a few days, maybe...more

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Jan 29, 2009 Eric Althoff rated it 4 of 5 stars

A fascinating history lesson for buffs or novices alike, "Paris 1919" recounts--in always interesting but sometimes overly exposed detail--the Paris Peace Conference and how it shaped the broken European landscape (and indeed, much of the world) after The War to End All Wars. By turns fascinating and flustering--knowing what we know now--MacMillan skillfully creates a narrative from cold, hard facts and brings the personalities of the American, French, British and various other politicos who tri...more

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Feb 21, 2011 David rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: read-history

When reviewing a book, it is generally considered good form to review the whole book, not just one chapter or even one page. So, before my descent into bad reviewing form, I'd like to say that this is a fine book about the Versailles Peace Conference, written by a grand-daughter of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. When she tells you that French Prime Minister George Clemenceau during the conference once attempted to interest a young, newly-married daughter of DLG in a bunch of dirty po...more

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Jan 27, 2008 John rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: diplomacy, 20th-century-history

One of the two best diplomatic histories I've ever read, second only to David Fromkin's The Peace to End All Peace (also, and probably not altogether coincidently, about the arrogance of the Great Powers and the outcome of WWI). The largely tragic ramifications of the Treaty of Versailles are of course well know, but MacMillan does a masterful job of laying out the process by which the treaty was formed, exploring the complexities -- geographic, political, ethnic -- that faced the victors in red...more

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Mar 03, 2013 Roland Allnach rated it 5 of 5 stars

'1919: Six Months That Changed the World' is a fascinating, informative book that covers the history following World War I, a complicated tangle of nationalism, imperialism, political bungling, and power jockeying that has for the most part escaped the attention of common outlets for history. While the diplomatic situations leading up to WWI are pretty well known, the outcome of the war is typically summed in two ideas, the vindictive Versailles Treaty and Wilson's Points, leading to the League...more

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Nov 04, 2012 Erin rated it 5 of 5 stars

Even if I wasn’t predisposed to an enjoyment of WWI history, I suspect I’d have enjoyed Margaret MacMillian’s (epic 500 page) account of the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles in Paris 1919. Elegant sentences and a keen sense of characterization make this history intensely readable. A decision to withhold judgment on the particular historical characters lends it credibility, in that no one person or country is blamed; rather, the combined effect of a complicated and contingent set of treaties,...more Even if I wasn’t predisposed to an enjoyment of WWI history, I suspect I’d have enjoyed Margaret MacMillian’s (epic 500 page) account of the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles in Paris 1919. Elegant sentences and a keen sense of characterization make this history intensely readable. A decision to withhold judgment on the particular historical characters lends it credibility, in that no one person or country is blamed; rather, the combined effect of a complicated and contingent set of treaties, weak characters (either too ambitious or too reticent), illnesses, and miscommunications, resulted in a treaty that, as MacMillan argues, cannot on its own be blamed for anything (re: not for WWII), but must be recognized in historical hindsight (and by many at the time) as an abject failure in a project of promoting peace.

I particularly enjoyed the characterization of the members of the Supreme Council (aptly named, I suppose): Wilson, Clemenceau, Orlando and Lloyd George. Each received ample introduction, which allowed the later discussion of their mistakes, and subsequent political downfalls, to read as poignant. The measured attention to the contradictory enforcement of “self-determination” as dependent on political and economic expedients for those with political power, and the arrogance and self-righteousness of the policy makers, came with an appropriate connection to circumstances in the present that resonated, without badgering.

The organization of the book is excellent. Characters, countries and their different aims and outcomes, geographic determinations and overlaps, unfold according to geography, but also read as seamlessly plotted, such that a subsequent chapter relies on necessary information introduced in a former. That said, there are a few occasions where I wondered whether an editor might have missed a line where information is given twice — perhaps a later section written independently without regard for the chapter that came earlier? or perhaps a purposeful reminder to the reader of what appears to be a rather insignificant point? I’m not sure, and it probably doesn’t matter, as these infrequent repetitions take nothing away from the well crafted plot.

If you’re at all interested in imperialism, border-making, diplomacy, or Europe in the inter-war period I cannot recommend this book enough. Should you find European history to be the least engaging, you will be - without overstatement, I think - riveted at many points by this account. Perchance you dislike history books, Europeans, witty asides, and sarcastic comments about historical attire and comportment, you best look elsewhere.(less)

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Nov 14, 2011 Peg rated it 4 of 5 stars

Important decisions impacting the world at large are often crafted by individuals, who in the process, display all their strengths and weaknesses. This has never been truer than during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 where the three major players tried to sort out gains and losses after the armistice that ended the hostilities in World War I, “the war to end all wars.”

Woodrow Wilson of the US, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Georges Clemenceau of France met almost daily for six month...more

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Sep 28, 2011 Patrick McCoy rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: history, non-fiction

Margaret Macmillan ends her excellent book on the Paris Peace treaty of 1919, Paris 1919, with the following questions that the world leaders were facing at that time that still befuddle us today: “How can the irrational passions of nationalism and religion be contained before they do more damage? How can we outlaw war?”

Many of the conflicts we see today can be traced back to this period in history when borders were drawn up haphazardly, often without a reflective look at the long-term effect o...more

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Sep 26, 2011 Brendan Hodge rated it 3 of 5 stars

When I consulted a 20th century historian friend about this book he offered, "The one sentence summary is: The Paris peace treaties were not nearly as bad as we've all heard." This is indeed a solid one sentence summary of the book. It's not the sort of book which radically changes your perspective on the dynamics of an era, but it does provide a great deal of detail about the characters and situations involved. You get fairly detailed pictures of Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau as well as a...more

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Jul 28, 2011 Loring Wirbel rated it 5 of 5 stars

(This is a companion review to David Andelman's "A Shattered Peace," on my bookshelf.)

In reviewing the more recent "A Shattered Peace", I said that Andelman relied too much on sizzle, while Macmillan went for the steak. Since Margaret MacMillan is the great-granddaughter of David Lloyd George, one might expect that a comprehensive book like this would rely on personalities of the Big Four, and that it might be overly-sympathetic to Woodrow Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau. She does indeed re...more (This is a companion review to David Andelman's "A Shattered Peace," on my bookshelf.)

In reviewing the more recent "A Shattered Peace", I said that Andelman relied too much on sizzle, while Macmillan went for the steak. Since Margaret MacMillan is the great-granddaughter of David Lloyd George, one might expect that a comprehensive book like this would rely on personalities of the Big Four, and that it might be overly-sympathetic to Woodrow Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau. She does indeed rely on many personal anecdotes, but her exhaustive research and her focus on small, neglected nations in the aftermath off WW1 insures that this book is much, much more. And her conclusion, like that of Andelman, is much more in line with the 21st-century new revisionists that tend to take Wilson and Lloyd George down a peg. She is not afraid to say that Wilson not only was too stuffy and Calvinist to "sell" the League of Nations appropriately to the US Senate, but also that his decisions on structuring the peace treaty were unfair to many small nations. Both she and Andelman are useful foils to Wilson cultists, in concluding that Woodrow Wilson was a rather embarrassing and sad figure in history.

She also is not afraid to chide her great-grandfather, for being a blustering, warmongering occasional imperialist, particularly in regard to Turkey.

She studies regions of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East in detail, and comes to conclusions that are fair and comprehensive. The only minor quibble I have was her method of taking one region at a time sequentially (which Andelman also does to a certain extent), this taking events out of chronology - we hear about the conclusion of Turkish independence in the mid-1920s, for example, before hearing about Germany signing the peace treaty. Still, if her book had taken a strict chronological stream, it might have been much more confusing, given the chaos surrounding Versailles in 1919.

Those seeking a single comprehensive book on Versailles in 1919 can do no better than Margaret MacMillan's "Paris 1919."(less)

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Mar 20, 2011 Matt rated it 4 of 5 stars

Good read about the wrap up of WWI. MacMillan tries to revise the accepted wisdom that the Allies botched the peace, which lead directly to the second world war. It's true that Hitler would play to the German people's wounded pride and resentment after the war. It came to be known as the "Dictat" or "dictated peace." The Germans especially hated the "war guilt clause" of article 231, which laid all responsibility for the war at the doorstep of German "aggression." Ulrich Brockdorff-Rantzau blew...more Good read about the wrap up of WWI. MacMillan tries to revise the accepted wisdom that the Allies botched the peace, which lead directly to the second world war. It's true that Hitler would play to the German people's wounded pride and resentment after the war. It came to be known as the "Dictat" or "dictated peace." The Germans especially hated the "war guilt clause" of article 231, which laid all responsibility for the war at the doorstep of German "aggression." Ulrich Brockdorff-Rantzau blew up and refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. When the allies rearmed, the Germans sent two representatives to pen their names to the treaty. Did this lead directly to WWII? MacMillan says this is too simplistic.

MacMillian argues that the Germans deceived themselves into thinking that they hadn't lost the war. MacMillan points out that it wasn't a mere armistice or cease fire. The Germans gave up all occupied lands and surrendered their navy. The Germans also allowed themselves to believe that Woodrow Wilson could deliver a non-punitive peace. Germany had taken Wilson's advice and become a republic. But Wilson was one of four on the supreme council, and he had to compromise to get anywhere. David Lloyd George, prime-minister of England, and Georges Clemanceau, prime-minister of France, were out for reparations, revenge, and security. Their people had lost more than America, and they stood to lose more in future elections. They convinced Wilson to shrink Germany and give the rhineland to France as a neutral zone. Wilson would compromise as long as he could get the League of Nations. Meanwhile the league was loosing ground in the US, and Wilson's own country would never join.

Lloyd George did change his mind about some of the reparations. "Treat them like the enemy and they won't disappoint." But Wilson had already reached his compromise limit. The treaty would have to stand as is. John Maynard Keynes famously said, "It was harder to de-bamboozle this old Presbyterian than it had been to bamboozle him.” Keynes wanted to rehabilitate Germany economically. A prosperous Germany would be a peaceful Germany.

The big four were more realistic than they've been given credit for. Lloyd George said: "The English public like the French public, thinks the Germans must above all acknowledge their obligation to compensate us for all the consequences of their aggression. When this is done we come to the question of Germany's capacity to pay; we all think she will be unable to pay more than this document requires of her."

MacMillan argues that the German sense of betrayal cannot account for the rise of Nazi Germany. Prior to the Great Depression, the German people wouldn't give the Hitler the time of day. He was too radical. Once they hit rock bottom, radical solutions were given a hearing and Hitler got his chance. MacMillan can write well and she shows how so much of modern history, including the formation of Iraq, goes back to Paris 1919. (less)

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Jan 28, 2010 Cym Lowell rated it 5 of 5 stars

Why is our world in such a mess today? Why do we have constant political problems in Israel-Palestine, in the Balkans, in Iraq and the Middle East, between the U.S. and France, and so on?

Are these issues a result of events happening today or yesterday?

All of these issues, and many others, are in one way or another tied to the resolution of World War I, which was, historians tell us, triggered by the assassination of an Austrian prince in Sarajevo. The Germans and the Austria-Hungarians then comm...more Why is our world in such a mess today? Why do we have constant political problems in Israel-Palestine, in the Balkans, in Iraq and the Middle East, between the U.S. and France, and so on?

Are these issues a result of events happening today or yesterday?

All of these issues, and many others, are in one way or another tied to the resolution of World War I, which was, historians tell us, triggered by the assassination of an Austrian prince in Sarajevo. The Germans and the Austria-Hungarians then commenced a war that was largely fought in the trenched fields of France and Belgium. Millions died on all sides, including the Russian front.

When the war was over, due to surrender by the Germans before the war crossed the Rhine, the Paris Peace Conference was convened to settle the political fallout. New countries were created, old borders re-drawn, entreaties granted or denied, and the personalities and relationship of Woodrow Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd George created a new world order. The war to end all wars, of course, was a failure in many ways, not the least of which the breakout of another war with a generation.

Many of the whys and wherefores of the Twentieth Century emanate from the Paris Peace Conference. We see the fallout everyday in the press.

Paris: 1919 is a historical masterpiece. In many places it reads like a history book, complete with the author’s feelings about the nature of conversations that did or could have taken place. On the other hand, it is an easy read in terms of focusing on the history of places or events that are of interest to you.

In my case, I have always been fascinated by Turkey, Israel-Palestine, the Crusades, the Byzantine Empire, Roman and Greek conquest and administration of the area, and so on. These subjects are addressed in the final 150 or so pages. I read each word, riveted by the role that one of my favorite historical characters (T.E. Lawrence, the ubiquitous Lawrence of Arabia) played in the peace process.

I found Paris: 1919 to be amazingly thought-provoking. Would the world be a better place today if Woodrow Wilson had had a different personality, or if the U.S. had taken the Palestinian Mandate?

Could Barack Obama, Gordon Brown, and Nicholas Sarkozy to a better job if we had a Paris: 2010 Peace Conference?

If you wonder about the politics of today, spend a few hours in the politics of 1919-1920 and let your own thoughts soar.
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Jan 10, 2010 Steven Peterson rated it 4 of 5 stars

Margaret MacMillan has written an excellent book about the decisions made by the "Big Three," British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, American President Woodrow Wilson, and French Premier Georges Clemenceau at the end of World War I.

Their decision, made over a period of 6 months in 1919 in Paris, helped shape the post-war world. Some would argue that those decisions also helped to set the table for increasing radicalism in Germany (eventuating in Adolf Hitler's rise to power) and the origins...more

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Dec 09, 2009 Geetha rated it 5 of 5 stars

An excellent book about the Peace Conference at the end of the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies had a Herculean job. With the dissolution at the end of the war of two large states – Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, new nations had to be created, new borders drawn; defeated nations to be punished, decisions whose effects we see to this day. Reading this book allows the reader to understand wars, conflicts, division of nations, and other international events that too...more An excellent book about the Peace Conference at the end of the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies had a Herculean job. With the dissolution at the end of the war of two large states – Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, new nations had to be created, new borders drawn; defeated nations to be punished, decisions whose effects we see to this day. Reading this book allows the reader to understand wars, conflicts, division of nations, and other international events that took place after 1919.
Margaret McMillan has written a history book that is engaging and interesting. She includes interesting details and describes the characters and personalities involved in the process. Each chapter deals with one geographical region and at the end of the chapter she fast forwards to the years after 1919 to help the reader understand the effects that the decisions taken in 1919 had in later years.
Much has been said about the Treaty of Versailles and the treatment of Germany in that Treaty as being the cause of WW11. The author does not subscribe to that theory. “Hitler did not wage war because of the Treaty of Versailles but he found its existence a godsend for his propaganda”. One does clearly see the seeds sown of future events such as the Israel-Palestine conflict, the breakup of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, the Communist Revolution in China, the conflicts in Lebanon.
Books like this are important to read so that we may learn the lessons of history. The book raises some interesting questions in our minds – if the Allies had entered Germany and fought on German soil, would the German public, having seen the havoc war rages, have been less enthusiastic about Hitler’s plans? In accepting the armistice, did the Allies leave behind too strong a Germany at the end of the war? Had the Treaty of Versailles been more fair to Germany, could WW11 been averted?
Richard Holbrooke’s introduction to the book is excellent. I highly recommend this book.
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Jul 18, 2009 Jill rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: world-history, my-classics, wwi-wwii

I took this book to the beach, which was a mistake. This is not a history to read while surrounded by conversation and general mayhem!!! I finished it when I returned from vacation in the quiet of my home. This history of the Versailles Treaty takes concentration and reflection as it outlines, in detail, the machinations of France, Britain, Italy (sporadic at best) and the United States, as they struggled to author a treaty which was impossible to create.

Countries and colonies were moved like ch...more

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May 16, 2013 Bruce rated it 5 of 5 stars

Margaret MacMillan (a fellow Canadian) has a clear and compelling writing style. Anyone interested in learning more about the reshaping of the European political landscape following WW I will find this volume illuminating. Although Ms. MacMillan is a respected historian, I also think her book, if not for the fact that all the events portrayed are real, would qualify as well on its own as an extremely entertaining book of fiction (what is that saying: sometimes truth is better that fiction?). My...more

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Aug 24, 2010 William rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is an excellent history of the Peace Conference that followed World War I. The Conference is still affecting what is happening in the present. As a result of the conference, new countries were formed (e.g., Yugoslavia, Iraq, and other Middle Eastern countries) and Poland was resurrected from the dead. One of teh things I learned was how little Woodraw Wilson and the American delegation knew so little about Europe and the Middle East and the people living there. People were treated as pawns...more

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Sep 07, 2009 Malcolm rated it 5 of 5 stars

This book is an astonishing work of scholarship. It is quite readable and informative and explained for me, the basis of much of the mess and muddle Europe and the middle east have been in over the past ninety years. Probably more detail than some readers will want, but it is a work of scholarship well footnoted, sourced and indexed. MacMillan tells us a lot of interesting personal things about the world leaders and what happened during that post WW1 period when people had the audacity to think...more

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Jul 27, 2010 Bluenose rated it 4 of 5 stars

I started this book well over a year ago and then lost track of it. I found it again and somehow found where I had left off - not very far in.

The Paris Peace Conference is ably described through descriptions of the major participants and above all through chapters focused on particular geographic areas. The ostensible role of the conference was to produce treaties between the warring parties. A good part of it was occupied with redrawing the borders in Europe, the middle east and quite a few ot...more

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Jul 28, 2009 James rated it 5 of 5 stars

While perhaps a bit too long and at times dry, this book lays out what happened in the peace of 1919 and gives shape to WWII and the Yugoslavian conflict of the 1990's, as well as 20th century conflict in the Middle East.

The book looks at what each great power wanted as they carved up Europe and the outcomes these decisions had in central and Southern Europe, China, Turkey, the Middle East, etc.

One thing that I found fascinating are the similarities between the often unspoken ethnic cleansing...more

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Oct 15, 2009 Tom rated it 5 of 5 stars

If you want know how the Middle East got to be how it is today - read this book. So many times in school - whether its high school, college...you see a map before a war, then there's the war - studied in some detail - and then a map after the war. This book does a great job of telling the "peace" process and how the winners and losers - and those with their hands out - come to the table and what they leave with. In the span of four years four empires died (German, Austria-Hungarian, Russian and...more

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Feb 05, 2013 TheIron Paw rated it 5 of 5 stars Recommends it for: those interested in history, current events, biographies

Shelves: history

This is a great book: well researched, well written, and providing an analysis of the peace process following "the Great War" that dispels many assumptions and myths (mine at least) about this period of history and its enormous consequences for the remainder of the 20th Century. Indeed, the effects of the decisions made (or not made) at that time are still taunting us today in the Middle East and the Far East. Not only does MacMillan provide a easy to read description of historical events, she a...more

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Aug 07, 2011 Amit rated it 5 of 5 stars

This a well researched historical text that sophisticatedly demonstrates the limitations preventing the 1919 peace conferences from producing a long lasting peace after the supposed 'war to end all wars'. Obstacles investigated range from the personalities of political leaders involved in the peace process to broad scale international transformations that continue to have ramifications in present day. Macmillian provides a thought provoking historical narrative that is not only well researched,...more

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Jul 14, 2012 Don rated it 5 of 5 stars

Reading MacMillan's book reminded me of how little we actually learn about the major historical events that mark the many chapters of history. Her narrative articulates well the complexities of the peace conference. And while the her historical narrative can lead one to wonder if it had much to do in setting the foundation for future events, MacMillan is careful not to give too much to the theory that the conference led to the Second World War. Be that as it may, I couldn't help but wonder, that...more

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Apr 19, 2012 Heather rated it 4 of 5 stars

This book is about the Paris 1919 Peace Conference following the end of World War I. It is nicely organized and focuses on all aspects of the negotiations. The book is fairly long, due to the high amount of detail that was included. The research the author did was amazing and she included a great deal of information in her book. This is good and bad because I found the book to be tedious to read after awhile. About halfway through I got bored of the book.

This is by no means light reading so I on...more

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May 18, 2013 Raul rated it 5 of 5 stars

A most informative record of the proceedings leading to the Treaty of Versailles.

Quote from this book, page 493:
"Eighty years later the old charges about the Paris Peace Conference still have a wide circulation. "The final crime", declared The Economist (newspaper)in its special millenium issue , was "the Treaty of Versailles, whose harsh terms would ensure a second world war." That is to ignore to ignore the actions of everyone-political leaders, diplomats, soldiers, ordinary voters-for twenty...more

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Oct 14, 2011 Ray rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

As someone who thought I understood the basics of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, how Europe and the Middle East were divided, and its ramifications leading to the Second World War, I found myself surprised at how much I didn't know about the people, the process, and the problems of making the peace. It was quite humbling. I felt MacMillan did an excellent job of providing just the right amount of background information, and blended the before, during, and after accounts of the period to cle...more

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May 11, 2011 Jason rated it 5 of 5 stars

Overall, a quality historical text centered around the personalities of the peace conference. Gives a good understanding of how our modern world developed post WWI. The crux of the book always goes back to the main characters (as shown on the cover) Wilson (U.S.), Lloyd George (U.K.), and Clemenceau (France). Their personalities (and their isolated study room chats) were the backbone of the Treaty of Versailles (and other resulting treaties/mandates). Coming away from this book, I feel I learned...more

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Feb 08, 2009 Jim rated it 5 of 5 stars Recommends it for: Everyone with an inquiring mind

Recommended to Jim by: New York Times

Want to know how the world we know became the way it is? Then read this book. It all began in Paris in 1919, after the armistice that ended the First World War. Leaders of the four great powers met in Paris to hammer out the peace treaty and divide up the spoils of war.

Here you meet these leaders and learn about their political in-fighting, their personalities, and what they did when the others weren't looking. You learn about why Japan jumped into the war on the side of the allies and what she...more

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Aug 02, 2012 Jonathan rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: history

To review the story of the writing of the 1919 Versailles Treaty is to understand the creation of the modern world, as it exists today, and Margaret Macmillan succeeds brilliantly in helping us do so in this superb narrative of how the post World War I era was born in the first 6 months of 1919 in Paris. Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau are the major characters, but other brilliant characters, from Keynes to Lawrence of Arabia to Jan Masaryk aren't lacking. After several...more

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About Margaret MacMillan

Margaret Olwen MacMillan OC D.Phil. (born 1943) is a historian and professor at Oxford University where she is Warden of St. Antony's College. She is former provost of Trinity College and professor of history at the University of Toronto. A well-respected expert on history and current affairs, MacMillan is a frequent commentator in the media.

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