Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters by Donald R. Prothero

Dec 10, 2012 Daniel Bastian rated it 5 of 5 stars

Darwin. Evolution. The two terms are now synonymous and inextricably associated with another, more unfortunate pairing: controversial and polarizing. Indeed, depending on which side of the ideological divide one falls, evolution can denote very different things to different people, regularly conjuring up deep-seated emotion and animosity.

It’s no surprise why. Evolution’s conflict with a literal exegesis of Genesis is a not insignificant problem for religious fundamentalists, including Charles D...more

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Aug 21, 2012 Alison Dellit rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: favorites, non-fiction

Despite Prothero's somewhat agitated style (the list of things that annoy varies from the incorrect use of the word fish to creationist distortions of science) this is possibly my favourite of the evolution primers around at the moment. Prothero discusses comprehensively the various mechanisms currently thought to contribute to evolution, and the varied areas of scholarship, from molecular biology to paleontology, which contribute to the field. He has a much more expansive view of evolution than...more Despite Prothero's somewhat agitated style (the list of things that annoy varies from the incorrect use of the word fish to creationist distortions of science) this is possibly my favourite of the evolution primers around at the moment. Prothero discusses comprehensively the various mechanisms currently thought to contribute to evolution, and the varied areas of scholarship, from molecular biology to paleontology, which contribute to the field. He has a much more expansive view of evolution than Dawkins, whose books lead the field, and as such is able to efficiently explain how rapid evolutionary jumps are likely to occur, and how our genes facilitate rapid changes in form, downplaying the gradualism that Darwin, and now Dawkins, emphasise. In fact, his history of evolutionary science is fascinating, deliniating roles for many scientists of the time, and making it clearer that it was less the radical idea of one man, and more the culnimating point of contemporary understanding.
The first part of the book covers off these topics, in between launching tirades against the creationists, and taking a detailed approach to debunking their main claims. As someone who does not live in a nation where creationism is a common worldview, it can seem a little ridiculous to dedicate the best part of a chapter to explaining why the genesis story of Naoh's Ark could not have created the fossil record, but unfortunately the constant undermining of science teaching in the US by such beliefs necessitates such intellectual exercises.
The second part of the book is narrow in focus, deliniating the fossil record from the origins of life to the development of homo sapiens. It is excellently done, if a little dry in places. Prothero doesn't pretend this is the sum of evolutionary science - it is a paleontology book concerned with the fossil record, without detailed accounts of molecular and DNA studies, but he refers to them where they influence the findings of paleontologists. It is through, and for those like me who like to understand the big picture, simply invaluable reading. It is easily the text I would recommend to anyone with the basics of natural selection looking for a better understanding of how evolution has shaped our world. It does focus on the animal life development, plants seem conspicuously missing from the later chapters. In this, as in other things, you can see the influence of the creationists, and Prothero's detirmination to counter their arguments, and hence concentrate on areas most commonly raised by them.
The book is particularly valuable for being relatively recent, and able to incorporate recent discoveries - the sense of how much more we understand every year provides a mild thrill for those so inclined. :)
I couldn't help wishing some of the tirades against creationism had been cut in order to allow for a fuller explanation of some areas of development - the evolution of reproduction, for example. And Prothero's focus on how the record shows the evolution of forms very occasionally seems to overwhelm an understanding of why such forms might have developed (frilly necked dinosaurs, for example). Thankfully, Prothero's excellent referencing system, and helpful list of further reading from each chapter should keep me going for a while. (less)

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Jan 14, 2012 John rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: books-i-own, science, favorites

"Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters" is the best book I have ever read emphasizing the importance of the fossil record as the indisputable "facts" of biological evolution, documenting the history of life on Planet Earth. Its publication is long overdue, and yet, remains quite timely, when major publishers like Simon and Schuster have mistakenly published sterling examples of mendacious intellectual pornography like Michael Behe's "The Edge of Evolution". Indeed, Prothero's book o...more "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters" is the best book I have ever read emphasizing the importance of the fossil record as the indisputable "facts" of biological evolution, documenting the history of life on Planet Earth. Its publication is long overdue, and yet, remains quite timely, when major publishers like Simon and Schuster have mistakenly published sterling examples of mendacious intellectual pornography like Michael Behe's "The Edge of Evolution". Indeed, Prothero's book ought to be viewed as the one that demolishes forever, Behe's inane assertion that the fossil record is irrelevant, claiming that the "truth" will be found only at the molecular level (More than anything else, that terse comment from Behe merely demonstrates his profound ignorance and understanding of the fossil record. Incidentally, Prothero refers to Behe as an "Intelligent Design creationist".). It also demonstrates the absurdity of creationist claims from the likes of Behe's Discovery Institute colleagues Paul Nelson, Jonathan Wells, and Geoffrey Simmons, among others, that the fossil record does not have "transitional forms". Indeed, as Prothero clearly shows his readers again and again, the history of life on our planet is replete with "transitional forms" documenting the evolutionary transitions from fish to tetrapods, from terrestrial carnivorous dinosaurs to flying birds, from primitive ungulate mammals to whales, and from apes to mankind. He also stresses the relevance of the fossil record to other aspects of evolutionary biology, noting its relevance with respect to molecular - as well as comparative anatomical - data. All of this is told in clear, concise, and persuasive, prose that often reaches the same literary heights attained by Prothero's mentor and friend, the late Stephen Jay Gould; without question this splendid book ought to be regarded as among the finest published last year.

Prothero's book is also a superb guide to the history and - regrettably - ever-present danger posed by Intelligent Design advocates and other creationists. The first three chapters emphasize the profound intellectual differences between valid mainstream science like contemporary evolutionary biology and pseudoscientific religious nonsense like "scientific" creationism in all of its flavors, especially Intelligent Design. Prothero offers a detailed look at the scientific method in the very first chapter, comparing and contrasting it with creationism (He also provides a superb introductory guide too to the writing of the Judeo-Christian Old Testament.). The second chapter is an in-depth exploration of creationism, tracing its roots in early 20th Century American Fundamentalist Protestant Christianity, and, of course, describing the emergence of Intelligent Design and its zealous promotion by the Discovery Institute, the Seattle, Washington-based "conservative" think tank (However, much to my amazement, he does not emphasize sufficiently, the important work done by philosopher of science Barbara Forrest and biologist Paul Gross in their book "Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design" in exposing the Discovery Institute's crypto-Fascist agenda for a future United States. Yet, to his credit, he does acknowledge that agenda by referring to its infamous "Wedge Document" while noting the Discovery Institute's deceitful promotion of Intelligent Design at the expense of valid mainstream science like contemporary evolutionary biology.). Finally, in Chapter Three, Prothero exposes both the intellectual inanity of "Flood Geology" and the popular creationist pastime of "quote mining"; the latter, a practice that's still popular with Discovery Institute Senior Fellows Michael Behe, William Dembski and Jonathan Wells.

The next two chapters comprise an excellent introduction to the history and science of evolutionary biology and the theory and practice of cladistic systematics. In Chapter Four, Prothero discusses the history of evolutionary biology, tracing its intellectual roots from the ancient Greeks to Lamarck, Darwin, and those biologists who became the "architects" of the Modern Synthesis Theory of Evolution (also known as the so-called "Neo-Darwinian Synthesis", since it merged population genetics with paleontology, biogeography, ecology and systematics). He also discusses some of the current controversies in contemporary evolutionary biology, beginning with evolutionary developmentaly biology, better known as "Evo - Devo", and, ending, of course, with punctuated equilibrium, noting how often it has been twisted and bent out of shape by creationists of all stripes, who have excelled only in "quote mining" from the published scientific and popular publications written by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge; the two American invertebrate paleobiologists responsible for "punk eke". In Chapter Five, Prothero offers an especially lucid account of the theory and history of cladistic systematics, emphasizing its importance as a tool for studying both Earth's current biodiversity and its history of life.

In "Part II Evolution? The Fossils Say YES!", Prothero gives us a whirlwind tour of the history of life on Planet Earth, emphasizing major episodes in the history of life on Planet Earth, beginning with the origin of life, and culminating with the emergence of mankind. In Chapter Six, Prothero offers clear, persuasive evidence for the relative ease in creating life from inert organic compounds, brushing aside creationist arguments to the contrary. He debunks the outdated notion of a "Cambrian Explosion" - which remains popular with creationists, including Intelligent Design advocates - in Chapter 7, observing that the fossil record points to instead, a "Cambrian Slow Fuse", involving the gradual diversification of hard-part skeletonized fauna over the span of eighty million years, from the Late Precambrian through early Ordovician. He discusses the emergence of tetrapods from limbless fish in Chapter 10, the rise of early amniotes (which includes the reptiles, birds and mammals) in Chapter 11, and the evolution of flight in avian dinosaurs in Chapter 12, demonstrating the existence of countless "transitional forms". Further chapters are devoted to the origin of whales (Chapter 14) and humans (Chapter 15), and thus, offer a terse, but still thorough, glimpse, at the history of life on this planet. Prothero's coverage is so superb, that I am surprised by his all too brief references to mass extinctions, especially when their very existence ought to raise ample questions about an Intelligent Designer and his ability to "design" life that is extinction resistant.

In the final chapter of his book (Chapter 16), Prothero makes a truly compelling argument explaining why creationism is a clear and present danger, not only to American education, but indeed, the very survival of the United States too. He quotes from an extended excerpt from the Los Angeles Times, describing creationist Ken Ham's indoctrination of young school children against evolution, conjuring up - at least for me - an image of Adolf Hitler's infamous Nuremberg Nazi Party rallies. He blames the advent of creationism since the late 1950s for fostering scientific illiteracy among Americans, and noting that this threatens our future economic success as we compete with other, better educated, countries like those in Europe and East Asia in a global economy increasingly dominated by science and technology. He also argues persuasively that denial of evolution is harmful to our health and well being, graphically illustrating this point by reminding us of the unsuccessful 1984 baboon to human heart transplant by a creationist Loma Linda University surgeon. Prothero's dire warning is a message I have read before, especially from Niles Eldredge, but here, Prothero's remarks are most compelling, and ones that ought to be heeded by all (Not surprisingly, Prothero compares and contrasts current denial of evolution with that of global warming, and finds obvious parallels with both.).

(Reposted from my Amazon review)(less)

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Apr 05, 2012 Jorge rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: evolution

Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters by Donald R. Prothero

“Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters" is an outstanding book that focuses on the fossil record as strong evidence for evolution. It covers the science of evolution with great expertise and eloquence. The book is basically broken out into two main parts. The first part focuses on the science or progression of evolution while the second part gets into the more technical and fossil case studies. Dr. Prothero’s sc...more

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Nov 14, 2012 Joshua rated it 5 of 5 stars

I very much enjoyed this book. Though I was familiar with a lot of the arguments, it was great to have an overview from an expert in the field. It's remarkable how many incredible specimens have been discovered even in the last 30 years, and how they have added clarity to the picture of the past. It's also amazing how well defined a lot of the "transitions" are in the record. (sea to land, reptile-like to mammal, dinosaur to bird, etc.) I appreciated the introduction to cladistics, as well.

I'd h...more

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Jan 07, 2013 Adam Smith rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: science-learning

Fascinating read. Very enlightening on the subject.

I mainly bought this book because I thought it would cover some of the more unique factors and discoveries within evolutional history. While it does contain some interesting facts about evolution (like how whales and snakes still have hips), an portion of the book is spent discussing the ignorance and deceitful tactics of fanatical creationists; which is understandable given the fact that prothero has dedicated his life to the subject and has t...more

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Feb 10, 2011 Rachael rated it 4 of 5 stars

This isn't a book for the feint of heart. The first half is thorough and convincing, the second half is a bit overwhelming. The second half of Evolution is devoted to going over fossil evidence, and it's very detailed and technical. Overall I thought this was a fine book, and a good one if you need a reference book. My only complaint is Prothero's intense interest with creationism, it can get a bit distracting, though in the light of the immensely overwhelming evidence in favor of evolution I su...more

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Feb 24, 2013 Anne rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is an outstanding book. Donald Prothero has put together an extremely comprehensive account of the fossil record as it stands today. There are chapters on the origin of life; prokaryote development; microfossils; the evolution of the backbone and the first vertebrates; the transition from fish to tetrapods; from primitive tetrapods to amniotes; the evolution of dinosaurs and from avian dinosaurs to birds; from primitive synapsids to mammals; and the evolution of humans.

Each chapter lists th...more

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Dec 28, 2012 Chris Branch rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

I sincerely hope that I never again read or hear an argument against the truth of evolution based on the lack of transitional fossils - or so-called "missing links" - from anyone who hasn't read this book.

Prothero describes dozens of transitional fossils here - and to be extremely generous in giving creationists the benefit of the doubt, many of these have been discovered and/or documented in the past 20 to 30 years, so anyone who relies on data older than that will find some gaps. But that is...more

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Oct 17, 2011 Joe Iacovino rated it 4 of 5 stars

Outstanding treatment of the subject matter. Works great on the high-side of intermediate level as there are a great many Eras and fossils discussed in rather rapid succession, so a solid precursory knowledge of paleontology is helpful. I actually did not expect such a bruising account of the Creationist mythology that was offered in the first half of the book, and then made example of to a lessor degree as the book went on, but Prothero fully excoriates the phonies with absolute contempt, and y...more

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Jun 24, 2012 Dave rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction, science

I'd unreservedly recommend this book to anyone curious about the evidence for evolution. It appears to be targeted at the scientifically interested but non palaeontologically educated reader.

The production values of the book are superb and, like its text, it oozes business-like quality. It is hardback, printed on a beautiful heavy paper stock. The author's style is very clear and remarkably concise, considering his academic background. (My past experience is that many learned gentlemen - and it...more I'd unreservedly recommend this book to anyone curious about the evidence for evolution. It appears to be targeted at the scientifically interested but non palaeontologically educated reader.

The production values of the book are superb and, like its text, it oozes business-like quality. It is hardback, printed on a beautiful heavy paper stock. The author's style is very clear and remarkably concise, considering his academic background. (My past experience is that many learned gentlemen - and it seems to be more of a male trait - never use two words when a couple of hundred would suffice!)

The first section of the book is an overview of science, the scientific mindset, the theory of evolution and its history, as well as the history of creationist evangelism and its impact on science education in the US. Though apparently a Christian himself, Prothero pulls no punches in dismantling the creationist objections to the fossil record. The second, and larger, section of the book examines the fossil evidence for each stage of the evolution of life on earth. Such an endeavour could quickly become bogged down in too much detail for the non-specialist reader; on the other hand, too little detail would undermine the book's whole objective. The author, in my uneducated opinion, strikes the perfect balance by providing ample explanations in sufficient detail for the main fossils at each stage and then provides a recommended reading list at the end of each chapter for those who want further detail. At the relevant places the author also dissects the creationist arguments and why they are wrong. His candour is refreshing when he points out where fossil evidence is sparse or even sometimes contradictory. However, unlike religious teachers, where, say Biblical, contradictions necessitate much 'spinning' and obfuscation, scientists relish them because it's an indication they may not have the full picture and they need to do further work to improve their understanding.

My only criticism of the book concerns the illustrations which I believe let down an otherwise superb book. While it is liberally sprinkled with charts, diagrams, line drawings and photographs, it appears the majority were not created specifically for the book but have been borrowed from other publications. This causes two problems. First, the author is limited to those illustrations he can beg or borrow (and, as one would expect, each is meticulously attributed in the caption) and there has possibly been the temptation to include an illustration because it is available to be used, rather than because of its own merit and relevance to the text. A number of times I noticed that while the author was describing a particular species or lineage, the accompanying illustration was of a different species. No doubt they were closely related, but if so that relationship was unexplained. Second, and possibly more important, because the illustrations used are an ad hoc collection from a diverse variety of publications, there is no sense of continuity and uniformity of style in the visual presentation of the author's arguments. While seemingly trivial, this has a massive impact on the level of understanding imparted. There was inconsistency in the detail of labelling in some charts and illustrations, many of which seem to have been originally prepared for an academic audience and for whom further explanation was unnecessary.

Overall, despite the problems with illustrations, I still happily gave this book five stars because of the clarity of thought and quality of the writing. But with proper illustrations a superb book could easily have been a classic.(less)

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Oct 04, 2010 Steve Van Slyke rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: evolution, geology, science, skepticism

It's my own fault that I did not read the book description or the other reviews here closer. I didn't get the impression from the book description that so much of it would be devoted to countering the fallacious arguments of the creationist-ID crowd. Not expecting that, and not one needing to be convinced, I was a little annoyed at all the time and ink spent describing and shooting down the creationist positions. For those who need a little more convincing, or who regularly debate creationists,...more

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Jul 05, 2008 Kitty rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: science-and-science-related, climate-change, library-books

This book gives the person interested in fossils a look at what's been found in the last 20 or 30 years. It's fascinating stuff! I didn't want to put the book down at times.

Prothero goes from detailing both the finding of the fossils and the fossils themselves, to how pissed he is at creationists who do no actual science at all, then spend their time taking pot shots at the work of real scientists, and quote-mining their works. I enjoyed Prothero's attacks on such people, Duane Gish most promin...more

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May 16, 2009 Alistair Rae rated it 5 of 5 stars

This is a very entertaining but intellectually rigorous history of all that constitutes the fossil record AND it is current research and results.
It is a very absorbing combination of firsthand observation and scientific discovery abd analysis.Where are the legs that Creationists and ID advocates stand on? After this they have none!

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May 18, 2013 Leigh Jackson rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: biology, evolution, reviewed

Very good book. Prothero isn't a great writer, and the prose is awkward at times, but this book (especially the second half) is a relentless barrage of well-documented facts about the existence of the transitional forms and fossils creationist nut jobs like Duane Gish and Ken Ham like to pretend do not exist. If anyone open minded doubts that the fossil record is best explained by the theory of evolution then this book should convince them.

Prothero doesn't target religious belief in general and...more

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Nov 04, 2008 Caesar rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: science

This book has some great images, figures, and information, but it's real value lies in the introductory material dealing with the evolution/creation controversy and WHY it exists. I have read far and wide on the topic, and this is one of the best treatments of the matter I have come across.

I do take issue with a few of the figs, in particular 8.18 on p.195. It is highly misleading, as there have never been any dragonflies or dragonfly-like creatures that had more than at most 3 pairs of wings (e...more

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Apr 30, 2012 Mike de la Flor rated it 4 of 5 stars

This book is an excellent survey of the fossil evidence that supports the theory of evolution. It is well illustrated and thought it is geared towards a lay audience it will take at least an interest in the topic to get through the book.

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Aug 10, 2008 David rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: second-half-of-2008

Very good & thorough answer to silly creationist and I.D. critiques of evolution. The first half of the book explains what science is and how it works, what the theory of evolution is and how it works. The second half of the book follows the fossil trail of evolution through the geological strata. I am constantly amazed at how incredible the true history of life on this planet is; and at how much more amazing these facts are than the hoped for fantasies of creationists.

My wife made fun of m...more

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Apr 14, 2012 Ahmad marked it as to-read

لو كان هناك كتاب جاد يسعى لإثبات الداروينية بطريقة "علمية" ممنهجة فهو هذا. تحد حقيقي يجب على كل من يسعى لتسويغ نفيه للانتخاب الطبيعي على أسس العلم الحديث أن يخوضه
قرأت بعضه ولي عودة إن شاء الله.

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Nov 09, 2007 Syd rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: science

Scientific language and readability come together in this book. I was surprised by some things that he presented and can't wait to discuss them with my paleontology professor. However, while I understand that a war has to be waged against the creationists, I became bored with the constant ranting. I understand that most of the leaders of the creationist movement have not actually studied fossils or have actual scientific training, I don't need to be told eighteen times. Given that, the last chap...more

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Sep 12, 2008 David rated it 4 of 5 stars

This is one of several recently published books that address some of the "objections" to modern evolution, in this case the claims by some that there are "gaps" in the fossil record, or otherwise that the fossil record really doesn't support the evolutionary hypotheses. Prothero addresses and dismantles these claims one by one, showing how they are either based on hopelessly out-of-date results, or are in some cases willful distortions of known data. For those who wonder whether "creation scienc...more

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Mar 18, 2011 Sandy rated it 5 of 5 stars

The BEST book I have ever read on evolutionary evidence. Well done!

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Mar 22, 2009 John rated it 5 of 5 stars

Incredible book. See mini-review at http://relaxandhavefun.com/?p=152

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Dec 03, 2012 Dave Franklyn rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: favorites

Now my go-to suggestion when any of my "just a theory" friends need a book recommendation. My only quibble is the organization of the book. I'd rather he present the fossil record first and leave the creationist refutation until the end.

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Sep 09, 2012 Dave rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: evolution

This book is by far the most detailed pop science ook on the fossil record that I have been ale to find. Growing up I often heard that the fossil record was a total embarrassment for evolutionists due to the lack of transitional species. I would love for someone to read this book and still try and argue that the fossil record does not support evolution. The evidence for evolution is totally overwhelming and this book is a must read book if you are npinterested in evolution.

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May 03, 2012 Sebastian rated it 5 of 5 stars

Anyone who has to debate the fossil record with a creationist should read this book. It is authoritative and well-written and comprehensive and completely demolishes the anti-evolution position with an abundance of facts and well-reasoned argument. It is also a great way to get a handle on the profound contributions of vertebrate paleontology to our understanding of the evolution of life on planet earth.

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Apr 10, 2009 Kyle Batson rated it 4 of 5 stars

He spends the first half of the book explaining the basics of the scientific process and the fundamentals of evolution before diving into the fossils. It's great to see an explanation of the fossils by someone with first-hand knowledge. Prothero very thoroughly eviscerates the creationist arguments with pure evidence. The illustrations are especially illuminating.

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Mar 10, 2010 Clay marked it as abandoned-books-for-the-moment

I am enjoying this book, but I am DRAGGING through it.
As a geologist, most of this information is not new to me at all (sorry if that sounded arrogant). However, I do see it as possibly a good book to put on my shelf, if I am a professor at some point, to lone to students who are struggling to break free of their creationist upbringing.

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May 25, 2009 Lauren rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: science-skepticality-smarts, recommended-nonfiction

A great book, full of all the information you need to understand why, indeed, the fossils matter and why they say what scientists say they do. He spares no criticism for the phony b.s. that is "intelligent design" (a philosophy of ignorance, as Neil deGrasse Tyson has often said) and holds nothing back. Fantastic, and everyone should read it.

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Sep 06, 2010 J. rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: 2010-reads, wilderness-nature

A great look at the fossil record. This guy knows his stuff. But he spends way too much time bashing creationists. I would have preferred a narrative without constant interruptions of nonsense creationist arguments. He should cull that information from the book and include it in an appendix.

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