The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe by Frank Close

Jan 02, 2013 John rated it 4 of 5 stars

A fascinating history of how physicists achieved a unified understanding of most of the forces of nature in the last half-century or so. The book attempts to convey some of this understanding to non-specialists but also explains why it did not come easily. The question of renormalization, ie, proving that the theories would lead to finite and meaningful results, motivates the title of the book. The author also devotes a lot of space to the human story and the thorny questions of who had priority...more

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Jul 03, 2012 Long Nguyen rated it 5 of 5 stars

If you are fascinated at all with recent (and by recent, I mean the latter half of the 20th century) development in physics, and the major players involved, then this book is for you. I am of the personal belief that even though science at its best is about the world, what makes science human is the people behind it. And they, like you or I, have feelings, aspirations, and interests. They also make mistakes, sometimes benign, sometimes tragic.

Despite my general knowledge, this book still has pla...more

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May 04, 2013 Matt Heavner rated it 2 of 5 stars

This book was about 25% interesting physics with a few very good explanations I hadn't heard before. I like the liquid water / snowflake symmetry breaking example quite a bit. That's the upside to this book.

The downside was that 75% of the book was a "cult of personality" / history minutia / repetitive discussions about the Nobel prize. Yes, the Nobel prize is a big deal. But I'd be interested to do a word count on this book: I bet the common words (the, a, an, and) do their usual distribution,...more

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Jun 29, 2012 Natasha rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: science, physics, non-fiction

A very detailed, very thorough review of the history of the search for renormalization of field theory, but a tad light on the science.

I enjoy quantum mechanics and quantum physics and was looking forward to this book due to the subject matter. History always has to be told when talking about developments in science since those developments do not come about in a vacuum. But there is always plenty of science too. This book focused on time lines, who discovered what, and how those discoveries cam...more

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Apr 09, 2012 Bojan Tunguz rated it 4 of 5 stars

Since its completion in 2008, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has been the focus of a lot of news coverage. It is by far the largest scientific project in history, and very likely the last such project for the foreseeable future. And yet, it has been fairly difficult to explain to the general public the exact purpose of LHC and what sorts of questions are the scientists trying to answer by culling over its experimental results. One of the things that LHC is trying to find is the putative...more Since its completion in 2008, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has been the focus of a lot of news coverage. It is by far the largest scientific project in history, and very likely the last such project for the foreseeable future. And yet, it has been fairly difficult to explain to the general public the exact purpose of LHC and what sorts of questions are the scientists trying to answer by culling over its experimental results. One of the things that LHC is trying to find is the putative “Higgs boson,” whose existence has been postulated for almost half a century, and without which much of our understanding of particle physics would be incomplete. However, the reasons for the need of the Higgs boson are very hard to express in the layman’s terms. It is the particle that gives all the other particles mass, and without it (or something like it) it would be impossible to justify many of the theoretical results that have proven so incredibly insightful over the past few decades. Some popularizes of science have even resorted to calling it “the God particle,” which in my opinion is one of the most unfortunate and gratuitously obscure “descriptions” of any phenomenon in all of science.

In “The Infinity Puzzle” Frank Close delves deep into the theoretical background that has lead to the postulation of the Higgs Boson. Higgs Boson turns out to be an indispensible ingredient for the theoretical formulation of the electroweak theory – the unified theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions. The modern formulation of that theory, the so-called Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model, has come at the end of a long series of abortive attempts at unification, and has been followed by even a longer succession of theoretical and experimental verifications. The discovery of the Higgs Boson would be the final validation of that model, and it would also potentially shed some light on the rest of the Standard Model of particles and fields.

This book primarily focuses on personal histories of many of the actors that have contributed to the electroweak theory and experiment, going all the way back to the middle of the twentieth century. These are fascinating personal stories that have been long overdue for a comprehensive popular treatment. Even people like myself whose professional careers have been influenced by the electroweak and similar theories (known as “gauge theories”) have a rudimentary knowledge of their historical development. However, I was hoping that this book would be more focused on physics in its own right, and much less concerned with history. I’ve read several other books by Frank Close (“Nothing: A very Short introduction,” “Neutrino”) and from reading those I’ve come impressed by Close’s ability to present complex physical ideas in an accessible and highly informative manner. “The Infinity Puzzle” turns out to be a very different kind of book. Aside from being overly historical, it also spends too much time on “inside baseball” minutia and arcana that even those who are inside baseball will probably just skip over. I am really not interested in getting the information straight on who presented which scientific talk in what form back in the early 1970s, and I can’t imagine that most readers of this book would care much about this either. This is a very interesting and accessible book, but I am afraid that the choice of topics might be too recondite for the kind of audience that this book is aimed at.
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Mar 27, 2012 Chris Lewis rated it 3 of 5 stars

What I didn't realize going into The Infinity Puzzle was that the author's purpose in writing it was not so much to educate a lay audience about quantum mechanics; rather, it was to clear up various fuzzy bits in the history of quantum discoveries through the 20th century. So while I was happy to learn a lot of details about the Standard Model and its construction, I wasn't so interested in the details of who published what paper when, and what conversations they had about who discovered things...more

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Nov 09, 2012 Behzad Mirhashem rated it 4 of 5 stars

The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe was published in late 2011, just as experimental physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) were homing in on the long-sought Higgs particle. In this book, British particle physicist Frank Close successfully meets two very difficult challenges.

First, Close provides a non-mathematical but honest account of the most important developments in theoretical elementary particle physics over the last several decades. It is...more The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe was published in late 2011, just as experimental physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) were homing in on the long-sought Higgs particle. In this book, British particle physicist Frank Close successfully meets two very difficult challenges.

First, Close provides a non-mathematical but honest account of the most important developments in theoretical elementary particle physics over the last several decades. It is an account that a reader with no physics background can follow, even as Close avoids reducing his presentation to what has been called "physics porn." (The Higgs is the God Particle! Quantum Theory = Buddhism! Etc.)

Second, Close offers a detailed history of the competing claims to the multiple Nobel Prizes awarded in recent decades as a result of these developments, relying not on the potentially faulty memories of self-interested participants, but on a paper record that includes diaries, conference proceedings, and unpublished papers.

This second challenge involves accurately telling a human story of ordinary vanities and anxieties. Abdus Salam's name was joined to that of Steven Weinberg in the "Weinberg-Salam" theory of electroweak interactions, eventually allowing Salam to share the 1979 Nobel Prize with Weinberg (and Sheldon Glashow). Salam's long campaign for the prize included writing his own letter of recommendation, and sending it to a distinguished friend to forward to to Nobel Prize Committee. Ironically, given Salam's long and fruitful career, he won the prize for a theory to which he may not have deserved having his name attached.

"Tiny" Veltman, a giant-sized Dutch physicist, inspired and guided his brilliant student Gerard 't Hooft to overcome enormous mathematical challenges in proving that a class of theories to which Weinberg-Salam belongs give sensible non-infinite results for experimentally measurable quantities. Veltman felt sidelined by his star student's rapid rise, but eventually joined him in Sweden to share with him the 1999 Nobel Prize.

Peter Higgs's name became attached to a mechanism for which at least six other physicists can also claim some credit. Now Higgs and others wait to find out who will share in a future Nobel. (The Nobel is given only to living persons.)

Then there are those who did not win a Nobel, even as they may have deserved it. They include Salam's close and frequent collaborator John Ward, who may have missed out on the 1979 prize because of his personality, and the Nobel rule that a single prize may not be shared by more than three persons. To make Ward feel worse, he believed that he was also cheated out of being called the Father of the British Hydrogen Bomb.

These are stories we can all understand because, at bottom, they are not fundamentally different from the race for, say, a National Book Award, to say nothing of the Oscars. Even the best physicists are all too human, at least when it comes to seeking recognition and, perhaps, immortality.

Close's other goal -- essentially to give an honest but comprehensible account of quantum field theory -- is far more difficult to attain. The basic problem here is that, at this stage in our development, the only language we humans have been able to learn that Nature also speaks is mathematics. Eugene Wigner spoke of "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences." Conversely, it is only reasonable that the non-mathematical languages we have developed to help us survive are utterly inadequate for describing the behavior of particles that are many billions of times smaller than us. Mathematics, however effective, is not a language we all speak. Like the Bible in Latin, to be read only by priests, it seems that the Laws of Nature are written in a language reserved for a priesthood of science.

So, in explaining their theories to the public, physicists are reduced to giving highly imperfect analogies. In trying to describe how the Higgs field may give rise to the mass, or inertia, of some particles, Close includes an often-told analogy to a person moving through a crowd, slowed down as others approach her and then move away. He recalls watching a film clip of a crowd gathered in an auditorium in Dallas, waiting for John F. Kennedy to arrive. As news of his assassination arrived instead, members of the audience would move towards the announcer to hear him and then move back, to be followed by others who approached and receded.

There is an alternative to relying on such analogies, or to trying to learn all the mathematics necessary to appreciate the real stuff. It is is to give an account that, as the story unfolds, develops along the way the minimum mathematics necessary to follow along. Close avoids this approach, perhaps because of the common advice that the sales of a popular physics book are inversely proportional to the number of equations it contains, and also surely because any serious development of the advanced physics that is Close's subject cannot be followed without first understanding multiple layers of more elementary concepts, in math and physics: it is hopeless to try to understand quantum field theory without first understanding group theory (math) and the quantum mechanics of atoms (physics), which is hopeless to understand without understanding matrices (math) and the classical mechanics of particles and waves (physics), which is hopeless to understand without understanding calculus (math) and kinematics (physics). (Gerald 't Hooft, the 1999 Nobel Laureate, gives a sense of the enormous challenge that awaits the person who sets out on a path of real understanding by offering a list of resources available on the web.)

The master of teaching physics by developing as little mathematics as possible while giving a highly insightful conceptual account was Richard Feynman, probably physicists' own favorite physicist (with the possible exception of Einstein.) I love this video of Feynman, talking about the pleasure of finding out how the world works. He also talks about winning the first Nobel prize discussed in Close's book, and how he hates all such awards. At bottom, they are not that different from an honor society to which Feynman was elected in high school, whose members spent most of their time trying to decide who else to allow into the society.
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Mar 02, 2013 Sean rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: physics

If your goal is to get an overview of modern physics from a historical perspective The Infinity Puzzle would nicely serve as one of two books to describe the second half of the 20th century (you would need another to cover gravitation and cosmology, perhaps A Brief History of Time). Frank Close, an English particle physicist, begins describing the infinity puzzle by taking up some of the logical holes left in quantum mechanics following its founding in the early 1900's. The reader is then lead t...more If your goal is to get an overview of modern physics from a historical perspective The Infinity Puzzle would nicely serve as one of two books to describe the second half of the 20th century (you would need another to cover gravitation and cosmology, perhaps A Brief History of Time). Frank Close, an English particle physicist, begins describing the infinity puzzle by taking up some of the logical holes left in quantum mechanics following its founding in the early 1900's. The reader is then lead through the development of the quantum field theories and the standard model of particle physics culminating in the description of the Higgs Boson and the Large Hadron Collider. Close makes special emphasis of how symmetry, and the breaking of symmetry, has guided the development of modern physics. The importance that symmetry plays is summarized here:

This has inspired an intriguing thought: Our present material universe, filled with structures--atoms, crystals, galaxies, and even life--may itself be an example of hidden symmetry. In the beginning, goes the mantra, the universe was created in a state of perfection, where a single superforce ruled. Then, according to the mathematics, at a temperature of a billion-billion degrees, all changed: As beautiful patterns appear when mist freezes on a frosty windowpane, so order and structure emerged from the primeval uniform hot soup of the Big Bang as the cosmos cooled. Disparate forces--which today we perceive as the strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces (and gravity)--and distinct varieties of particle, such as electrons and quarks, were born. It is because the original symmetry became hidden that the variety of forms required for an evolving universe, leading to life itself, emerged.

I find it powerful that themes from Genesis--purity of design and eventual corruption--survive to this day embedded in the most modern and fundamental theories. Some people come to blows over the literal differences rather than finding the more subtle correspondences.

Overall, this book is a thorough and even treatment of the historical developments of modern particle physics. It may be rather monotone for the average reader as one discovery sounds much like the previous one and the characterizations don't allow the players to stand out very much. Additionally, the title should probably read something much like "The Struggle for the Nobel Prize" as much of the latter half of the book is dedicated to the who-said-whats leading up to the Nobel Prize. This is a predictable downfall of describing developments that are less than 50 years old.(less)

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May 31, 2012 Randy rated it 4 of 5 stars

Professor Close is a wonderful writer... he does a fine job of inserting and explaining some of the theoretical aspects of the science, without overwhelming us poor laymen.

This is a chronology of the theories of matter and the forces acting on matter.... to enjoy it you should have a basic notion what a quark is even if you cannot name the various types of quarks or explain how they do what they do, or how they do it.

He compares the role of the Higgs boson in giving matter its mass to the role o...more Professor Close is a wonderful writer... he does a fine job of inserting and explaining some of the theoretical aspects of the science, without overwhelming us poor laymen.

This is a chronology of the theories of matter and the forces acting on matter.... to enjoy it you should have a basic notion what a quark is even if you cannot name the various types of quarks or explain how they do what they do, or how they do it.

He compares the role of the Higgs boson in giving matter its mass to the role of the photon in giving electromagnetic energy its force. Very helpful.

A secondary theme (which gets in the way, IMHO) is a setting the record straight... Professor Close describes how Dr Abdus Salam, in his super political campaign to obtain a Nobel Prize, effectively elbowed other better candidates out of the limelight. He underlines how others (especially Ward and Bjorken) deserve more credit.

The third theme is the history of the Large Hadron Collider, at CERN in Switzerland; what it seeks to discover, how the proposal to build it was successfully pursued (and why the U.S. counterpart, the Superconducting SuperCollider, failed).

I was fascinated by the book. I began reading it, got perhaps a third of the way through, then put it aside for a month or three. When I picked it back up again, I found I needed to begin again from page 1... it's that complicated a story.

One of the reasons I prefer inorganic chemistry and physics to biology (especially the taxonomy of life and the intricacies of genetics) is the finite-ness of the operating theater. Life is so complex, it seems random and not subject to generalization, and beyond my low tolerance for encompassion.

This story veers in that direction for a while, but then brings me back to a comfort zone. There are so many new particles and possible particles! Each one inhabits a cell on a huge matrix and the inter-relationships are seemingly random.

But they are all interrelated... The concept of symmetry breaking is the key for me, and the book is very illuminating in its descriptions of symmetry breaking.

So, if you have read Brian Greene's works but still don't quite "get" the Higgs Mechanism, give this one a try. (less)

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Oct 27, 2011 Brian Clegg rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

This is a really important popular science book if you are interested in physics, because it covers some of the important bits of modern physics that most of us science writers are too afraid to write about. Starting with renormalization in QED, the technique used to get rid of the unwanted infinities that plagued the early versions of the theory and moving on to the weak force, the massive W and Z bosons, the Higgs business and the development of the concept of quarks and some aspects of the th...more This is a really important popular science book if you are interested in physics, because it covers some of the important bits of modern physics that most of us science writers are too afraid to write about. Starting with renormalization in QED, the technique used to get rid of the unwanted infinities that plagued the early versions of the theory and moving on to the weak force, the massive W and Z bosons, the Higgs business and the development of the concept of quarks and some aspects of the theory covering the strong force that holds them in place, it contains a string of revelations that I have never seen covered to any degree in a popular text elsewhere.

Take that renormalization business. I have seen (and written) plenty of passing references to this, but never seen a good explanation of what the problem with infinities was really about, or how the renormalization was achieved and justified. Frank Close does this. Similarly I hadn't realised that Murray Gell-Mann, the man behind the 'quark' name, originally took a similar view to quarks as Planck did to quanta - a mathematical trick to get the right answer that didn't reflect anything real in terms of the particles involved.

For at least the first half of the book I was determined to give it five stars, despite itself. The content was sufficiently important and infrequently covered to require this. That 'despite itself' is because this is no light read - it makes the infamously frequently unfinished Brief History of Time seem a piece of cake. I think the reason for this is that the concepts here are more alien to the reader than those typically met in traditional 'hard' topics like relativity or quantum theory. Close does define a term like gauge invariance before using it, but then keeps using it for chapter after chapter. The trouble is, to the author this is an everyday concept, but to the reader the words are practically meaningless (unlike, say space and time in relativity), so a couple of pages on from the definition we've forgotten what it means and get horribly lost. These aspects (spontaneous symmetry breaking is another example) would have benefited hugely from a more detailed explanation and then use of more approachable terms along the way rather than what can be a highly opaque jargon.

I could forgive the author this though. After all his writing style is fine and there is all that interesting content. But there were a couple of things that dragged the book down a little for me. The first was a tendency to skip over bits of science, leaving them mysterious. For example, at one point we are told that a process can be split into five categories: scalar, pseudo-scalar, tensor, vector and axial. Of these only vector and scalar are defined, so when we are told that the weak force was classified as V-A, we have no clue what this means as we don't know what axial means, or the significance of the minus sign. This is Rutherfordian stamp collecting, giving us labels without understanding the meaning.

Worse though, and the dominant part of the second half of the book, was that there was just far too much dissecting exactly who contributed exactly what little component to the theory, and who got the Nobel prize for what, and who didn't get it, despite deserving it. Frankly, this is too much of an insider's idea of what's important. We don't really care. I wish this had been omitted, leaving room for more handholding on the theory.

The trouble is, there were far too many people involved to get any successful human interest going in the story. Nobel prizes of themselves don't make people interesting. I have two scientific heroes in the last 100 years - Richard Feynman and Fred Hoyle. (Obviously I'm in awe of the work of many others - Einstein, say - but this misses the point.) In that same period there must have been getting on for 300 Nobel prize winners in physics alone. I'm interested in their work, but I can't get too excited about them as people. Those who criticise popular science for being too driven by the stories of a few individuals when so many have contributed miss the point. You can only have so many heroes.

Overall this remain a really important book if you want to get to grips with modern particle physics and quantum field theory. It fills in lots of gaps that other books gloss over. But it would be remiss of me not to also point out my concerns.

Originally published on www.popularscience.co.uk and reproduced with permission(less)

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Jan 13, 2013 Navneeth rated it 5 of 5 stars · review of another edition

A wonderfully readable account of the events, the science, which eventually led to the construction of the Large Hadron Collider and the search for The Boson. More than being a typical pop-science book, The Infinity Puzzle offers a look into how the theory of electro-weak interactions came about and the people involved (and those whom you thought weren't involved). At times it almost reads like an homage to those deserving individuals who missed winning the Nobel Prize for various reasons. Frank...more

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Apr 03, 2013 Jeffrey rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Shelves: non-fiction-science

This is a pretty good book about the history of particle physics late 1940s to about 2010. It's a pretty interesting read and does help one get a better understand that science isn't always a smooth progression from start to finish. It also gives you a feel for the types of rivalries, political pressures, and personalities can get entwined with the endeavours of understanding the universe.

Necessarily to understand the progression of physics, the author regularly goes into some detail trying to p...more

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May 21, 2012 Stephen Davis rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: general

Provides an overview of the development of particle physics and the gradual understanding of the strong and week forces along with the new concepts to help make the math work out. It approaches the journey from the various scientists involved, and how they made steps forwards and steps backwards along the way.

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Sep 05, 2012 David rated it 5 of 5 stars

Not done with this yet... but it's an exciting book in that it combines the stories of the people involved in the discoveries and theoretical speculations, along with the timelines and explanations of the science as the book moves along, written for the general reader rather than the specialist.

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Aug 26, 2012 Mark rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: sci-tech

Spends A LOT of time focused on who and when theories were proposed (with emphasis on who should get the credit) and not so much on the content of the theories. While no doubt this is of great interest to many who have connections to the scientists, it didn't do much for me as a total outsider.

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Sep 23, 2012 Greg Stoll rated it 3 of 5 stars

Interesting account of how we discovered Quantum Field Theory. I didn't quite understand all of it and I gotta be honest - particle physics is pretty crazy. I miss the proton + neutron + electron model, but progress marches on...

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Apr 25, 2013 Gendou rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: physics, quantum-physics, non-fiction, history-of-science

This is a detailed history of the discoveries of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), and their unification into the Standard Model by spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism. It's one of those people-driven histories of science, which can get boring if not petty at times. But overall, it tells an exciting story of this impressive achievement.

The central theme of the book is renormalization in Gauge Theory. The first half of the book introduces the reader to...more

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Feb 20, 2013 sid rated it 2 of 5 stars · review of another edition

A bit tough to follow this on audio, especially in the car without the visual diagrams. Aimed at the non-physicist, but a lot of it was difficult to grasp and fairly dry.

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Jan 11, 2012 Tantivy rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: physics

Tedious. Too tied up in what could've been.

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May 25, 2012 Cassandra Silva rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: science

This was definitely not what I thought it was going to be. It was more of a history of the various forerunners into the ideas that go behind much of theoretical physics and quantum field theory but contained very little science in it. Frankly I could care less who got noble prizes for what and who got shafted, I am more interested in the theories and current understanding itself which this book only slightly got into.

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Jan 21, 2012 BAKU rated it 3 of 5 stars

This is good ( where else will you find " Recall that structure occurs because fermions are like cuckoos, whereas bosons are like penguins. " ) But I couldn't real all of it as I had to give it back , and the library here is screwed now ~

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Jan 26, 2013 Paul Guzman rated it 4 of 5 stars · review of another edition

Overall, I really enjoyed this book. It was written well, and the author made everything easy to understand for those of us who aren't physicists. The history of the entire process is really fascinating, and I would recommend this to anyone who may be interested in physics.

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Mar 31, 2012 Lisa O'Reilly rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: bedroom-dresser

So far (on Chapter 5), I'm reading every chapter twice: the first time checking each endnote, the second reading straight through. Enjoying it both times.

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May 29, 2013 RenéB marked it as wishlist

Shelves: cat-non-fiction, subj-physics

May 27, 2013 Mike rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: physics

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